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ENOX1 (Ecto-NOX Disulfide-Thiol Exchanger 1) is a protein that facilitates electron transfer across the cell membrane, contributing to cellular redox balance. It is associated with the regulation of cell growth and the ageing process, although its precise role in human physiology and disease is not yet fully understood.

ENOX1

WDR70 (WD Repeat Domain 70) is a gene that encodes a protein containing WD repeat domains, which assist in facilitating protein-protein interactions. This protein plays a role in important cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and may also be involved in RNA processing. Although its precise functions are still under investigation, WDR70 is believed to contribute to cellular organisation and overall cell function.

WDR70

The UNCX (Unc-4 Homeobox) gene encodes a transcription factor that contains a homeobox domain. It plays a crucial role in neuronal development by helping to define neuronal identity and guiding axon connections in the developing nervous system.

UNCX

SLC6A2 (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 2) is a protein that functions as the norepinephrine transporter, responsible for the reuptake of norepinephrine into presynaptic nerve terminals. This transporter plays a key role in regulating mood, alertness, and stress response. It is also a target for certain antidepressant medications. Dysfunctions in SLC6A2 are associated with psychiatric and neurological conditions such as depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

SLC6A2

FOXP2 (Forkhead Box P2) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor essential for speech and language development. It plays a key role in neural circuits related to communication. Mutations in FOXP2 have been linked to speech and language impairments, making it a critical gene in the study of human language and its evolution.

FOXP2

ATP5MK (ATP Synthase Membrane Subunit K) is a part of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, crucial for generating ATP during cellular respiration. It plays a vital role in cellular energy metabolism, and any dysfunction can disturb the energy balance, potentially causing metabolic disorders.

ATP5MK

SLCO1B1 (Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1): SLCO1B1 is a transporter protein that facilitates the movement of drugs, including statins, into liver cells for metabolism. Genetic variations in SLCO1B1 can diminish transporter function, resulting in elevated drug levels in the bloodstream and a higher risk of statin-induced muscle side effects. Testing for SLCO1B1 can assist in guiding the selection and dosing of statins to reduce adverse effects.

SLCO1B1

IGFBP3 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3) is a protein that binds to insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), regulating their availability and activity within the body. This control affects cell growth, development, and metabolism. IGFBP3 is extensively researched in cancer studies, as it can either inhibit or enhance IGF effects depending on the cellular environment, making it a crucial element in tumour growth and potential treatment strategies.

IGFBP3

SFTPA1 (Surfactant Protein A1) is a gene that encodes a protein vital for lung function. This protein plays a crucial role in the innate immune defense of the respiratory tract and helps lower surface tension in the lungs, thereby supporting effective breathing.

SFTPA1

CHRNB3 (Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 3 Subunit) is a protein that constitutes part of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which is crucial in cholinergic neurotransmission. Variations in the CHRNB3 gene have been associated with nicotine addiction and related behavioural traits, indicating its role in the brain’s addiction pathways and regulation of neural circuits.

CHRNB3

AGPAT2 (1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2) is a crucial enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, specifically in the synthesis of phospholipids and triglycerides. It catalyses the conversion of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to phosphatidic acid (PA), a key step in the Kennedy pathway for triacylglycerol production. AGPAT2 plays significant roles in adipocyte differentiation, lipid storage, and membrane formation. Dysregulation of AGPAT2 activity has been linked to metabolic conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia, while mutations in the AGPAT2 gene are associated with congenital generalised lipodystrophy type 1 (CGL1), a rare genetic disorder affecting fat distribution.

AGPAT2

IGF2 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in growth and development, particularly during the fetal stage. It is part of the insulin-like growth factor system, which affects cell growth, proliferation, and survival. IGF2 also promotes muscle growth and differentiation, and its activity has been associated with certain cancers due to its function in encouraging cell proliferation.

IGF2

DGKB (Diacylglycerol Kinase Beta) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in lipid signaling by converting diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. It is involved in essential cellular processes such as insulin sensitivity and neurotransmitter signaling. Alterations in DGKB function have been associated with metabolic disorders and are researched in connection with conditions like diabetes and obesity.

DGKB

Latex allergy is an immune reaction caused by natural rubber latex, a substance derived from the sap of rubber trees. Commonly present in medical equipment and everyday items, latex can trigger responses ranging from mild skin irritation to severe anaphylaxis in susceptible individuals.

Latex

SPATA2L (Spermatogenesis-associated protein 2-like) is a protein related to SPATA2, which is known to regulate cell death and inflammation pathways. Although the exact role of SPATA2L is still being studied, it is believed to participate in important cellular processes like apoptosis, autophagy, and immune response regulation. SPATA2L may influence key signalling pathways that control cell survival and death, helping maintain tissue balance and protect against stressors such as DNA damage or infection.

SPATA2L

SLC7A1 (Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 1) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein responsible for the uptake of amino acids, especially arginine and lysine. These amino acids are vital for cell growth, nitric oxide production, and various metabolic processes. SLC7A1 also plays a role in immune regulation and has been linked to certain cancers, making it an important subject in biomedical research.

SLC7A1

C16ORF82 (Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 82), also known as FAM173B, is a gene that is still under investigation to understand its function. Preliminary studies indicate it may be involved in mitochondrial processes, contributing to cellular energy metabolism. Due to this mitochondrial connection, it could have significance in conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, although further research is required to ascertain its precise role.

C16ORF82

ARHGAP32 is a protein that regulates the activity of Rho GTPases, important molecules involved in controlling cell shape, movement, and attachment. By influencing the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, ARHGAP32 plays a key role in processes such as cell migration and proliferation. Its function is especially relevant in neurological development and disorders, as well as in cancer, where cell migration and invasion are critical.

ARHGAP32

ATP5PD (ATP Synthase Peripheral Stalk Subunit DAPIT) is a protein subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase, an enzyme complex essential for cellular energy production. It contributes to the synthesis of ATP — the main energy currency of cells — and supports mitochondrial integrity, playing a critical role in sustaining overall cellular metabolism.

ATP5PD

ABHD2 (Abhydrolase Domain Containing 2) is a gene that encodes an enzyme belonging to the serine hydrolase family, involved in lipid metabolism and signalling. This enzyme acts on lipid molecules and plays important roles in processes like sperm capacitation, muscle contraction, and heat production. ABHD2’s function in lipid regulation makes it a key player in metabolism and a potential target for treating conditions related to fertility, obesity, and metabolic health.

ABHD2

Phospholamban (PLN) is a regulatory protein found mainly in cardiac muscle cells. It plays a crucial role in controlling the contraction and relaxation of heart muscles by modulating the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA). At rest, PLN inhibits SERCA to regulate calcium levels, helping maintain calcium balance in heart cells. When stimulated, PLN is phosphorylated, which removes this inhibition and increases calcium uptake, supporting efficient cardiac muscle relaxation and overall heart function.

EPAS1 (Endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1) is a transcription factor, also known as HIF-2α, that helps the body respond to low oxygen (hypoxia) in tissues. It regulates genes involved in red blood cell production, iron metabolism, and blood vessel formation. EPAS1 is linked to high-altitude adaptation and plays a role in certain diseases, including some cancers.

EPAS1

DOK5 (Docking Protein 5) is a member of the DOK family of adaptor proteins, which serve as substrates for receptor tyrosine kinases and help transmit signals within cells. It plays crucial roles in pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. DOK5 is especially involved in neuronal development and has been associated with insulin signaling, making it important for both nervous system formation and metabolic regulation.

DOK5

WNT10A (Wnt Family Member 10A) is a gene that plays a crucial role in the Wnt signalling pathway, which is vital for regulating cell growth, development, and tissue formation. It is especially important in the development of skin, hair, teeth, and bones. Variations or mutations in WNT10A have been associated with several developmental disorders affecting these structures.

WNT10A

CHRNB2 (Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 2 Subunit) is a gene that encodes a subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These receptors are essential for neuronal signaling and communication in the nervous system. Variations in CHRNB2 have been linked to epilepsy, especially nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, highlighting its role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.

CHRNB2

FRMD4B (FERM Domain Containing 4B) is a protein that connects the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton, supporting essential cellular functions such as signal transduction, cell shape, and migration. It plays a role in regulating cell polarity, membrane organization, and the development of neuronal networks. Dysregulation of FRMD4B may be linked to neurological disorders.

FRMD4B

BCL11B (B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 11B) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development and differentiation of T-cells, as well as in neuronal development. Proper regulation of BCL11B is vital for immune function and brain development. Mutations or dysregulation of BCL11B have been linked to certain blood cancers, such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and neurodevelopmental disorders.

BCL11B

ADGRL2 (Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor L2) is a protein that belongs to the adhesion-GPCR family, combining cell adhesion with G protein-coupled receptor signalling. It supports nervous system development, facilitates cell-to-cell communication, and has been linked to certain neurological conditions. Its dual function makes it an important focus in neurobiological research.

ADGRL2

ABCB4 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 4) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein responsible for moving phospholipids from liver cells into bile. This function is essential for maintaining healthy bile composition and protecting the liver from toxic buildup. Mutations in ABCB4 can disrupt this process and are linked to liver disorders such as cholelithiasis.

ABCB4

ACP1 (Acid Phosphatase 1, Soluble) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in multiple cellular processes, including signal transduction and energy metabolism. It exists in several isoforms with distinct roles, influencing immune function and cellular signalling. Variations in ACP1 have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune disorders and metabolic conditions.

ACP1

WSCD1 (WSC Domain Containing 1) is a gene with limited characterization in humans, but it is believed to play a role in cellular responses to environmental stress. Although its precise function is not completely understood, WSCD1 may be involved in mechanisms of cellular adaptation and survival under stress-related conditions.

WSCD1

FAM171A1 (Family With Sequence Similarity 171 Member A1) is a protein-coding gene with limited current characterization. It is believed to be involved in cellular processes such as protein interactions and signal transduction, although its precise functions in human health and disease are still being studied.

FAM171A1

ATF7 (Activating Transcription Factor 7) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor involved in regulating cellular responses to stress. As part of the ATF/CREB family, it helps control gene expression related to apoptosis, development, and neuronal survival. ATF7 activity is important for maintaining cellular balance, and its dysregulation has been linked to stress-related conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

ATF7

WNT7B (Wnt Family Member 7B) is a gene involved in the Wnt signalling pathway, which plays a key role in embryonic development, cell growth, and tissue regeneration. WNT7B helps regulate gene expression and cell behaviour. Dysregulation of WNT7B signalling has been linked to developmental disorders, fibrosis, and cancer, highlighting its importance in cell proliferation and disease progression.

WNT7B

FAM160A2 (Family with Sequence Similarity 160 Member A2) is a gene about which limited information has been characterized so far. Although its exact biological role remains unknown, ongoing research seeks to determine its function and potential importance in human health and disease.

FAM160A2

BAIAP2L1 (Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like 1) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular structure and signalling. As a member of the I-BAR domain-containing protein family, BAIAP2L1 plays a key role in actin cytoskeleton remodelling, membrane shaping, and cell movement. Its I-BAR domain enables interaction with actin filaments and membrane phospholipids, contributing to the formation of dynamic structures like filopodia and lamellipodia.

BAIAP2L1

CYP2B6 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily B Member 6): CYP2B6 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of various medicines, including bupropion, efavirenz, methadone, and certain anaesthetics. Genetic variations in CYP2B6 affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown, effectiveness, and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP2B6 can help optimise medication dosing and reduce the likelihood of adverse reactions.

CYP2B6

CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4): CYP3A4 is one of the most important enzymes in drug metabolism, involved in breaking down a wide range of medications, including statins, immunosuppressants, benzodiazepines, and certain chemotherapy drugs. Genetic variations in CYP3A4 can influence drug clearance, affecting both efficacy and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP3A4 can help guide medication dosing for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP3A4

VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1): VKORC1 is an enzyme involved in the recycling of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting. Genetic variations in VKORC1 influence sensitivity to vitamin K antagonists like warfarin, affecting dosage requirements and the risk of bleeding. Testing VKORC1 can help personalise anticoagulant therapy for safer and more effective treatment.

VKORC1

CYP2C19 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 19): CYP2C19 is an enzyme that metabolises medicines such as proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel. Genetic variations influence the enzyme’s activity, affecting drug effectiveness and the likelihood of side effects. Testing for CYP2C19 can help tailor medication dosing and treatment decisions.

CYP2C19

CES1 (Carboxylesterase 1): CES1 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of various drugs, including clopidogrel, methylphenidate, and certain antiviral and chemotherapy agents. Genetic variations in CES1 can affect drug activation and breakdown, influencing both therapeutic effects and the risk of side effects. Testing CES1 can help optimise drug dosing and improve treatment outcomes.

CES1

ATP1B2 (Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2) is a protein that functions as part of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump — a crucial enzyme complex responsible for maintaining the balance of sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. This balance is vital for key physiological functions such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and regulation of cell volume. As a beta subunit, ATP1B2 aids in the assembly, stability, and positioning of the pump in the membrane by interacting with its catalytic alpha subunit.

ATP1B2

VIPR2 (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2) is a gene that encodes a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide involved in regulating smooth muscle relaxation, immune responses, and neurotransmission. This receptor is present on the surface of cells in various tissues and plays a key role in mediating VIP signalling pathways.

VIPR2

Meat from young sheep, commonly consumed in various cuisines. Can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

Lamb

FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad Diadenosine Triphosphatase) is a tumor suppressor gene involved in purine metabolism. It plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability, and its loss or alteration has been linked to various cancers, underscoring its significance in preventing tumor development.

FHIT

SPPL3 (Signal Peptide Peptidase-Like 3) is an enzyme belonging to the intramembrane-cleaving protease family that processes specific transmembrane proteins. By releasing intracellular domains from its substrates, SPPL3 affects cellular signalling and regulation. It plays a crucial role in immune system function, including B cell maturation, and has been associated with certain autoimmune disorders. Researching SPPL3 helps to understand how intramembrane proteolysis influences human health and disease.

SPPL3

SIPA1L3 (Signal-Induced Proliferation-Associated 1 Like 3) is a gene involved in signal transduction and cell growth. It plays a key role in the nervous system by supporting synaptic function and neuronal communication. Variations in SIPA1L3 may impact brain development and cognitive function, potentially contributing to neurological disorders.

SIPA1L3

FN3KRP (Fructosamine 3 Kinase-Related Protein) is a protein involved in fructosamine metabolism and may help regulate glucose levels in the body. It is related to the enzyme fructosamine 3 kinase and may influence glycation processes, which are linked to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that affect diabetes and ageing-related conditions.

FN3KRP

ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) is a protein that functions as a transmembrane protease, involved in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and signalling. It works by cleaving the extracellular parts of various cell surface proteins, such as growth factors and receptors, impacting important pathways like Notch and cadherin signalling. ADAM10 plays crucial roles in tissue development, cell communication, and nervous system function.

ADAM10

XKR6 (XK Related 6) is a gene that encodes a protein from the XK family, potentially involved in transmembrane transport. While its precise function is not completely understood, XKR6 may play a role in cellular processes that are important for human health.

XKR6

ADAMTSL3 (ADAMTS-Like 3) is a gene that encodes a protein from the ADAMTS family, which is involved in organising the extracellular matrix and regulating cell-matrix interactions. This protein contributes to maintaining the structure of connective tissue and has been associated with lung and eye development, as well as certain connective tissue disorders.

ADAMTSL3

SPATA32 (Spermatogenesis Associated 32) is a gene primarily expressed in the testis and is believed to play a role in the process of spermatogenesis. Although its exact function in male reproductive health and fertility is not completely understood, SPATA32 is regarded as significant for research in reproductive biology and fertility.

SPATA32

SLC16A9 (Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 9) is a gene that encodes a protein from the solute carrier family, which facilitates the transport of small molecules across cell membranes. Although its exact substrates and functions are still under investigation, SLC16A9 is involved in cellular transport processes.

SLC16A9

DEF8 (Differentially Expressed in FDCP 8 Homolog) is a gene involved in endocytic trafficking and cellular signalling. It functions as a scaffold protein, helping coordinate interactions between signalling molecules and endosomes—key for proper receptor function and cell communication. Disruptions in DEF8 activity have been linked to cancer and immune-related conditions.

DEF8

ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a protein that plays a key role in cell-to-cell adhesion, enabling cells to interact, migrate, and target specific locations in the body. It is involved in critical processes such as nerve development, immune regulation, and tissue repair. Dysregulation of ALCAM has been linked to cancer metastasis, autoimmune disorders, and other pathological conditions.

ALCAM

ZMYM6 (Zinc Finger MYM-Type Containing 6) is a gene that encodes a zinc finger protein potentially involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. It may contribute to controlling gene expression and has been explored in relation to blood-related cancers. While its exact role in normal and disease states is still being investigated, ZMYM6 is considered relevant to genomic regulation processes.

ZMYM6

DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase): DPYD is an enzyme that breaks down fluoropyrimidine drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine, widely used in cancer treatment. Genetic variations in DPYD can reduce enzyme activity, increasing the risk of severe toxicity, including bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal side effects. Testing for DPYD helps identify patients who need dose adjustments or alternative therapies to enhance safety and efficacy.

DPYD

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signalling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are associated with Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder characterised by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

AHI1

FDX1 (Ferredoxin 1) is a mitochondrial protein involved in electron transport, playing a key role in various metabolic pathways such as steroid hormone synthesis and cellular detoxification. It also contributes to the formation of iron-sulfur clusters — essential cofactors for numerous enzymes. Disruptions in FDX1 function can affect energy production and have been linked to mitochondrial-related diseases.

FDX1

PATJ (Pals1-Associated Tight Junction Protein) is a protein associated with tight junctions, which are crucial structures for maintaining the integrity of epithelial and endothelial cell layers. PATJ plays a significant role in establishing cell polarity and forming cell-to-cell junctions. It is vital for preserving tissue barrier function.

PATJ

C11ORF21 (Chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 21) is a gene whose biological function is currently unclear or uncharacterised. Identified through genomic studies, its specific role in cellular activity and potential links to health or disease are still under investigation as part of ongoing research in human genetics.

C11ORF21

ATP2B2 (ATPase Plasma Membrane Ca²⁺ Transporting 2) is a gene that encodes a calcium pump responsible for regulating intracellular calcium levels. This pump plays a key role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, muscle contraction, and neurotransmitter release. Mutations in ATP2B2 have been associated with hearing loss and vestibular disorders, highlighting its importance in maintaining calcium balance within sensory hair cells essential for hearing and balance.

ATP2B2

BTN2A2 (Butyrophilin Subfamily 2 Member A2) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the butyrophilin family, which is involved in regulating immune responses. This protein plays a role in modulating T-cell activity and may influence how the immune system reacts to pathogens, antigens, and inflammatory signals.

BTN2A2

ARPC1B (Actin Related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 1B) is a gene that encodes a component of the ARP2/3 complex, a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton organisation and cell movement. It is essential for proper immune cell function and the body’s defence against infections. Mutations in ARPC1B can cause a rare immunodeficiency disorder, known as ARPC1B deficiency, which impairs immune response.

ARPC1B

WNT7B (Wnt Family Member 7B) is a gene that plays a key role in the Wnt signaling pathway, which governs crucial cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, and programmed cell death. WNT7B is especially important in embryonic development, bone formation, and blood vessel development. Disruptions in WNT7B signaling have been linked to conditions like cancer, fibrosis, and developmental disorders.

AS3MT (Arsenic (+3) Methyltransferase) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the detoxification of arsenic, a toxic environmental metalloid. This enzyme facilitates the methylation of arsenic, allowing it to be more easily eliminated from the body. AS3MT plays a key role in arsenic metabolism and may influence an individual’s susceptibility to arsenic-related health effects.

AS3MT

DNMT3B (DNA Methyltransferase 3 Beta) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in DNA methylation — a key epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression. DNMT3B plays a vital role in development and has been associated with conditions such as ICF syndrome and various cancers.

DNMT3B

FGGY (FGGY Carbohydrate Kinase Domain Containing) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in carbohydrate metabolism. While its specific functions are not yet fully understood, proteins in this family typically play roles in energy production and may be linked to metabolic processes and disorders.

FGGY

HTR2C (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2C) is a serotonin receptor subtype involved in regulating mood, appetite, and behaviour. It plays a key role in central nervous system (CNS) functions and is a target for some psychiatric medications. Variations or dysfunctions in HTR2C have been associated with mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, as well as metabolic disorders.

HTR2C

GAD2 (Glutamate Decarboxylase 2): GAD2 is essential for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a key neurotransmitter in the brain. It is involved in regulating neuronal excitability and has been linked to disorders such as epilepsy and anxiety disorders.

GAD2

PLAUR (Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase Receptor) is a gene that encodes a receptor involved in proteolysis and cell movement. It supports tissue remodeling and wound healing by aiding the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down fibrin and extracellular matrix components. Elevated PLAUR levels have been associated with tumor growth and metastasis, highlighting its role in cancer progression and potential as a therapeutic target.

PLAUR

SLC24A4 (Solute Carrier Family 24 Member 4) is a gene involved in the transport of calcium and sodium ions, playing a key role in dental enamel formation and pigmentation processes. Variants in SLC24A4 are linked to amelogenesis imperfecta, a condition that affects tooth enamel, and may also contribute to pigmentation-related disorders.

SLC24A4

ZNF816 (Zinc Finger Protein 816) is a gene that encodes a member of the zinc finger protein family, known for its role in DNA binding and gene regulation. Although the precise function of ZNF816 is not yet fully understood, zinc finger proteins are crucial regulators of gene expression, impacting development, cell differentiation, and potential disease mechanisms such as cancer and genetic disorders.

ZNF816

EIF4G3 (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4 Gamma 3) is a gene that encodes a key component of the eIF4F complex, which plays a crucial role in initiating protein synthesis. It is essential for recruiting ribosomes to mRNA, facilitating effective translation and protein production. Proper functioning of EIF4G3 is vital for cell growth and differentiation, while its deregulation can lead to diseases such as cancer, where protein synthesis is frequently disrupted.

EIF4G3

ARSB (Arylsulfatase B) is an enzyme responsible for breaking down certain glycosaminoglycans, particularly dermatan sulfate. Proper ARSB activity helps prevent the buildup of these molecules in tissues. Deficiency or mutations in ARSB lead to Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), a condition marked by skeletal abnormalities, organ involvement, and other systemic effects from dermatan sulfate accumulation.

ARSB

CUBN (Cubilin) is a multifunctional receptor protein involved in the absorption and transport of key nutrients, including vitamin B12 and various proteins such as albumin. It plays a vital role in the kidneys and intestines, where it helps reabsorb filtered proteins and supports nutrient uptake. In the kidney, CUBN works alongside megalin to maintain protein balance, while in the gut, it is essential for the efficient transport of vitamin B12, supporting normal metabolism and cellular function.

CUBN

FPR1 (Formyl Peptide Receptor 1) is a receptor that plays a crucial role in the immune system by directing neutrophils to sites of infection or inflammation. It recognises formyl peptides, which serve as signals indicating the presence of microbial invaders, aiding the body in mounting an effective immune response.

FPR1

ATG12 (Autophagy Related 12) is a gene crucial for the autophagy process — a cellular mechanism that degrades and recycles damaged components. ATG12 forms a complex with ATG5, an essential step in the formation of autophagosomes. This function aids cell survival during stress and helps preserve cellular health. Disruptions in ATG12 activity have been linked to conditions such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

ATG12

SORCS3 (Sortilin-Related VPS10 Domain Containing Receptor 3) is a protein belonging to the VPS10 domain-containing receptor family, involved in protein trafficking and sorting within cells. It plays a crucial role in the nervous system by regulating the movement of proteins essential for synaptic function. Alterations in SORCS3 activity have been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.

SORCS3

DIO1 (Type 1 Deiodinase) is an enzyme that regulates thyroid hormone activity by converting thyroxine (T4) — the inactive form — into triiodothyronine (T3), the active form. Found mainly in the liver, kidney, and thyroid gland, DIO1 plays a key role in maintaining optimal thyroid hormone levels and supporting tissue-specific metabolic responses.

DIO1

SLC6A16 (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 16) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein involved in the movement of amino acids and neurotransmitters within the nervous system. It plays a key role in maintaining neurotransmitter balance, and disruptions in its function may be linked to neurological conditions.

SLC6A16

SLC35F3 (Solute Carrier Family 35 Member F3) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein belonging to the solute carrier (SLC) family, which facilitates the movement of molecules across cell membranes. Although its precise function and substrates are still being studied, SLC35F3 is thought to play a role in cellular transport and metabolic activities.

SLC35F3

FZD4 (Frizzled Class Receptor 4) is a gene that encodes a receptor involved in the Wnt signalling pathway. This pathway is essential for embryonic development, tissue maintenance, and stem cell regulation. FZD4 helps control cell growth and differentiation, playing a key role in tissue regeneration and cell fate decisions.

FZD4

GABPB1 (GA Binding Protein Transcription Factor Beta Subunit 1) is a gene that encodes a subunit of a transcription factor involved in regulating genes related to cell growth and metabolism. It plays a role in cellular transcription control, and changes in GABPB1 expression have been linked to various cancers, reflecting its influence on cell proliferation and survival.

GABPB1

ARSA (Arylsulfatase A) is an enzyme that breaks down sulfatides — complex lipids found in many tissues, especially in the nervous system. A deficiency of ARSA, often due to genetic mutations, causes sulfatides to accumulate and can lead to Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD), a rare disorder characterised by progressive loss of nerve insulation (demyelination) and severe neurological deterioration.

ARSA

ESD (Esterase D) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the breakdown of ester compounds within the body. It plays a role in cellular metabolism and detoxification. ESD is also considered a potential biomarker for certain cancers, such as retinoblastoma, and may be useful in studying metabolic pathways and monitoring disease progression.

ADAMTS10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs 10) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix, particularly in connective tissues. It plays a crucial role in tissue development and repair, especially in cartilage and bone. Variations in ADAMTS10 have been associated with connective tissue disorders and skeletal abnormalities.

ADAMTS10

DCSTAMP (Dendritic Cell-Specific Transmembrane Protein) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in immune function and bone health. It plays a key role in the fusion of cells to form osteoclasts and dendritic cells, which are essential for bone remodelling and immune response. Disruption of DCSTAMP can impact bone density and immune system regulation.

DCSTAMP

C12ORF43 (Chromosome 12 Open Reading Frame 43) is a gene that encodes a protein whose function remains unclear. Although research is ongoing, this protein may play a role in vital cellular processes such as metabolism, signal transduction, or protein interactions. Its exact function and impact on health have yet to be fully understood, but variations in its expression could potentially affect the development of diseases.

C12ORF43

XXYLT1 (Xyloside Xylosyltransferase 1) is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for modifying proteins by adding xylose sugars to proteoglycans. This modification is essential for building glycosaminoglycan chains, which support cell signalling, adhesion, and movement within the extracellular matrix. Changes in XXYLT1 can affect these processes and have been linked to developmental disorders.

XXYLT1

ADARB1 (Adenosine Deaminase RNA-Specific B1) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in RNA editing — a process that modifies RNA molecules after transcription. This editing can affect RNA stability, function, and gene expression. ADARB1 plays a crucial role in brain function and is linked to the regulation of neural activity and neurological disorders.

ADARB1

ADCY6 (Adenylate Cyclase 6) is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for converting ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), a vital signalling molecule in the body. cAMP plays a key role in processes such as neurotransmission, hormone signalling, and cellular communication. Through these functions, ADCY6 may influence brain activity, metabolic regulation, and neuropsychiatric health.

ADCY6

RYR1 (Ryanodine Receptor 1) is a gene that encodes a calcium channel protein essential for muscle contraction. Variants in RYR1 are associated with malignant hyperthermia, a rare but serious reaction to certain anaesthetics. Detecting RYR1 mutations can help evaluate risk and guide safer anaesthesia decisions during surgery.

RYR1

STEAP1B (STEAP Family Member 1B) is a protein that belongs to the Six Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate (STEAP) family. It is involved in metalloreduction, specifically the reduction of iron and copper ions. STEAP1B plays a role in regulating cellular iron homeostasis and metabolism, which are vital for many physiological functions. Although its exact role in human health and disease is still being studied, STEAP1B may have significant implications for understanding iron-related metabolic pathways.

STEAP1B

JAML (Junctional Adhesion Molecule Like) is a cell adhesion molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating the movement of leukocytes across epithelial and endothelial barriers. This process is vital for the immune response, enabling immune cells to migrate from the bloodstream into tissues during injury or infection. JAML mediates cell-cell interactions essential for inflammation and immune surveillance, making it a key target for understanding and treating inflammatory diseases and immune disorders.

JAML

ADCY5 (Adenylate Cyclase 5) is a gene encoding an enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), an essential signalling molecule. This enzyme plays a key role in regulating important cellular functions such as neurotransmission and hormone signalling, and it may affect neurological and metabolic processes.

ADCY5

APOC1 (Apolipoprotein C-I) is a protein belonging to the apolipoprotein family, involved in lipid metabolism and transport. It is associated with very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), helping regulate the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. By inhibiting enzymes such as lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, APOC1 affects blood lipid levels and plays a vital role in cardiovascular health. Imbalances in APOC1 function can lead to conditions like hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

APOC1

STAT6 (Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 6) is a protein that plays a crucial role in immune signalling pathways, especially those triggered by cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. It helps regulate allergic inflammation by promoting the development of Th2 cells, production of IgE antibodies, and growth of mast cells. Due to its involvement in allergic responses and asthma, STAT6 is a key target for therapies aimed at controlling immune reactions in allergic diseases.

STAT6

SLC39A8 (Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 8) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein responsible for the cellular uptake of essential divalent metals such as zinc and manganese. This protein helps maintain metal ion balance, which is crucial for immune function, brain development, and various other biological processes. Variations in SLC39A8 have been associated with several health conditions, including congenital disorders affecting glycosylation.

SLC39A8

ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor Alpha) is a protein belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor family and acts as a transcription factor. It plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of estrogen, a steroid hormone, by regulating gene expression in various tissues. ESR1 is usually inactive in the cytoplasm but becomes active and translocates to the cell nucleus upon binding to estrogen, where it influences cellular processes.

KCNMB3

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