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Quinolinic acid is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It plays a key role as an excitotoxin in the central nervous system. Elevated levels of quinolinic acid have been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy, and certain psychiatric disorders including depression.

Calprotectin is a protein found in white blood cells that serves as a marker of inflammation, particularly in the gut. Measuring calprotectin levels in stool helps assess the degree of intestinal inflammation. This test is useful for diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, and for distinguishing them from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which typically does not elevate calprotectin levels.

Cantaloupe melon intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system, where individuals find it difficult to digest cantaloupe melon — a sweet, hydrating fruit. Unlike an allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after eating.

The noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) ratio is a metric that indicates the balance between two primary stress hormones — noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Both are essential in the body’s fight-or-flight mechanism, affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and energy release. This ratio can vary in response to factors such as stress, physical exertion, and overall health condition.

Kidney bean intolerance is a condition that affects some individuals’ ability to properly digest kidney beans, a common legume known for its high protein and fibre content. While kidney beans provide important nutrients, intolerance can lead to digestive discomfort and related symptoms.

Isocitrate is a crucial intermediate in the Krebs cycle, a vital metabolic pathway for cellular energy generation. It is produced from citrate and subsequently transformed into α-ketoglutarate, a process that contributes to the production of NADH utilised for ATP synthesis. Isocitrate also links various metabolic pathways, including the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids.

Boiled milk intolerance refers to the difficulty in digesting milk that has been boiled or heat-processed through methods like pasteurization or sterilization. Unlike a milk allergy, which causes an immune system reaction, boiled milk intolerance usually results in digestive issues such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea after drinking it.

SPINT2 (Serine Peptidase Inhibitor, Kunitz Type 2) is a gene that encodes a serine protease inhibitor involved in regulating key cellular processes such as growth, migration, and invasion. Also known as HAI-2, SPINT2 helps control proteolytic activity—particularly by inhibiting matriptase, a protease important for epithelial integrity and signalling. Disruption of SPINT2 function has been linked to tumour development and progression, underscoring its role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and cancer suppression.

CBS (Cystathionine beta-synthase): CBS is an enzyme crucial for sulfur metabolism, playing a key role in converting homocysteine into cysteine. This process aids in the production of glutathione, an important antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress. CBS also takes part in the transsulfuration pathway, which regulates sulfur-containing amino acids and hydrogen sulfide—a signalling molecule involved in various physiological functions. Proper CBS activity is essential for maintaining cellular redox balance, vascular health, and neurotransmitter regulation. Dysregulation of CBS is associated with metabolic disorders such as homocystinuria and cardiovascular diseases.

PRIMA1 (Proline Rich Membrane Anchor 1): PRIMA1 is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for anchoring acetylcholinesterase to neuronal membranes. This protein plays a crucial role in the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is essential for regulating cholinergic neurotransmission. It is also significant in research related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that indicates the balance between two vital minerals in the body — magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are essential for bone strength, muscle function, nerve conduction, and heart health. An imbalance in this ratio can affect bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a crucial coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a key role in cellular metabolism, particularly in redox reactions, by cycling between its oxidised form (NAD⁺) and reduced form (NADH). Beyond energy production, NAD⁺ is essential for cell signalling, DNA repair, and regulating gene expression, making it vital for maintaining cellular health and function.

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signalling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are associated with Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder characterised by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that helps break down histamine, a compound involved in immune function, digestion, and nervous system activity. Maintaining healthy DAO levels is essential for regulating histamine balance and reducing the risk of histamine intolerance.

BTN3A2 (Butyrophilin Subfamily 3 Member A2) is a protein that is part of the butyrophilin family, which plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses. BTN3A2 is involved in activating and differentiating T cells, the key players in the body's immune defence. It aids in immune surveillance and has been associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer.

HTR2C (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2C) is a serotonin receptor subtype involved in regulating mood, appetite, and behaviour. It plays a key role in central nervous system (CNS) functions and is a target for some psychiatric medications. Variations or dysfunctions in HTR2C have been associated with mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, as well as metabolic disorders.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol commonly known as “good” cholesterol. It helps protect heart health by transporting excess cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver, where it can be eliminated from the body. Higher HDL levels are linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and stroke.

C10ORF67 (Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 67), also known as SASP, is a gene involved in regulating cell proliferation and migration. While its exact molecular function remains unclear, it is linked to signalling pathways that influence cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This connection highlights its potential importance in ageing, cancer development, and tissue regeneration.

Tiger nut intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to properly digest tiger nuts — small, edible tubers often enjoyed as snacks or used in culinary dishes. Unlike a tiger nut allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction, intolerance primarily affects the digestive system, leading to symptoms such as bloating, gas, or abdominal discomfort after consumption.

BBX (Bobby Sox Homolog) is a transcriptional regulator that helps control cell proliferation and differentiation. It plays an important role in embryonic development and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms. Proper BBX function is essential for normal development and maintaining regular biological cycles.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition caused by low levels of lactase, the enzyme required to break down lactose — the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency can cause symptoms such as bloating, gas, and abdominal discomfort after consuming foods containing lactose.

HP1BP3 (Heterochromatin Protein 1 Binding Protein 3) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin structure and gene regulation. It interacts with components of heterochromatin, playing a role in genomic stability, DNA repair, and gene silencing. HP1BP3 may influence cellular differentiation and has potential implications in diseases such as cancer, where these processes are often disrupted.

Artichoke intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting artichokes. Unlike an artichoke allergy, which involves the immune system and can lead to more severe reactions, intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. Individuals with this intolerance often experience symptoms such as bloating or stomach upset after consuming artichokes.

PIGN (Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class N) is a gene involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, which attach specific proteins to the cell membrane. These GPI-anchored proteins are crucial for functions such as cell adhesion, signal transmission, and immune system activity. Mutations in PIGN can impair GPI anchor formation, resulting in disorders characterised by developmental delays, neurological issues, and congenital abnormalities.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein primarily produced by the liver that helps protect the lungs and other organs from enzymes that cause inflammation. Measuring AAT levels in stool can help detect intestinal protein loss and inflammation, supporting the diagnosis of gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and protein-losing enteropathy.

Yeast is a type of fungus naturally found in the human body, especially in the gut and on the skin. When present in normal amounts, it is harmless and part of a healthy microbiome. However, an imbalance can cause overgrowth, potentially leading to various health issues. Factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and overall health can influence yeast levels.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a vital Omega-3 fatty acid that plays an important role in supporting overall health. Primarily found in plant oils such as flaxseed, soybean, and canola, ALA promotes cardiovascular health and cognitive function, making it a crucial component of a balanced diet.

Zirconium is a metal frequently used in dental implants and a variety of consumer products. Although pure zirconium is generally safe, some of its compounds can cause lung irritation if inhaled. Caution should be exercised when handling powders or sprays containing zirconium to avoid respiratory irritation.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that measures low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an important marker of inflammation in the body. Unlike standard CRP tests, hs-CRP can detect subtle inflammation, making it particularly useful for assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. Elevated hs-CRP levels may indicate a higher risk of heart disease, even when other risk factors are absent.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection (Trichomoniasis) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It affects both men and women, though symptoms are more commonly seen in women. This infection can cause irritation and increase the risk of acquiring other STIs, including HIV.

SSBP3 (Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein 3) is a protein that specifically binds to single-stranded DNA. It plays a vital role in DNA repair and replication, helping to maintain genomic stability. By supporting the cell’s response to DNA damage, SSBP3 is essential for proper cellular function and has significant implications in cancer biology.

DLG5 (Discs Large Homolog 5) is a protein that is part of the Discs Large (DLG) family, involved in organising cellular structures and aiding signal transmission at cell junctions. It plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial cells and may be associated with conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease.

Arginine is an important amino acid that supports blood flow, wound healing, and immune system function. It plays a key role in producing nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes and widens blood vessels to improve circulation. Arginine is naturally found in foods like red meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, and legumes. It is also commonly used in supplements by bodybuilders and athletes to promote muscle growth.

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that supports the brain’s reward and motivation systems. It plays essential roles in mood regulation, pleasure, focus, memory, and movement control. Imbalances in dopamine levels can affect mental well-being and are linked to conditions such as depression, anxiety, and Parkinson’s disease.

Black radish intolerance is a condition that indicates the body's difficulty in digesting black radish, a root vegetable known for its strong flavour and medicinal properties. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance usually results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after consumption.

DCAF4 (DDB1 And CUL4 Associated Factor 4) is a crucial component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex, which tags proteins for degradation through ubiquitination. This process is vital for regulating protein levels, maintaining cellular balance, and managing stress responses. DCAF4 helps select the proteins to be targeted, playing significant roles in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and signal transduction. Disruptions in DCAF4 function can cause cellular imbalances and have been linked to cancer and other diseases, highlighting its importance in proteostasis and cellular health.

Glycine is an amino acid that supports sleep quality, skin health, and overall recovery. As a building block of proteins, it plays a vital role in collagen production, wound healing, and maintaining healthy skin. Glycine is found in protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and dairy, and is commonly used in supplements to promote restful sleep and tissue repair.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several critical functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defenses. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although uncommon, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

Carob intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest carob, a naturally sweet pod often used as a cocoa substitute in foods and beverages. Unlike a carob allergy, which triggers an immune response, carob intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after consumption.

GPSM1 (G Protein Signaling Modulator 1) is a gene that regulates G protein signaling pathways, which are vital for cellular responses to external signals. It is involved in cell polarization and directed movement. GPSM1 has been researched for its possible role in cancer, especially in tumor cell migration and invasion.

AGMO (Alkylglycerol Monooxygenase) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, particularly in the breakdown of ether lipids. This enzyme contributes to the regulation of bioactive lipids, which influence cell signalling and inflammatory responses. Alterations in AGMO activity may be linked to lipid-related disorders and inflammatory conditions.

FDX1 (Ferredoxin 1) is a mitochondrial protein involved in electron transport, playing a key role in various metabolic pathways such as steroid hormone synthesis and cellular detoxification. It also contributes to the formation of iron-sulfur clusters — essential cofactors for numerous enzymes. Disruptions in FDX1 function can affect energy production and have been linked to mitochondrial-related diseases.

Nectarine intolerance is a sensitivity that impacts the body's ability to properly digest nectarines, which are juicy stone fruits closely related to peaches. This intolerance can cause digestive issues such as bloating, gas, or stomach pain in some individuals after eating them.

The secretory IgA (sIgA) level indicates the quantity of an essential immune protein called Immunoglobulin A, primarily located in mucosal areas such as the intestines, respiratory tract, and saliva. Secretory IgA plays a crucial role in the body’s first line of defense by attaching to pathogens and blocking their entry, thereby helping to protect mucosal surfaces and support overall immune and gut health.

Vitamin A is a vital nutrient that supports eyesight, immune defence, skin health, and reproductive well-being. It plays a crucial role in vision under low light, maintaining healthy mucous membranes, and encouraging normal growth. Found in foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, leafy greens, liver, and dairy products, Vitamin A deficiency can cause impaired vision, weakened immunity, and skin problems.

Xanthurenate is a metabolite produced during the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. Its levels can indicate vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) status, as this vitamin serves as an essential cofactor in the process. Elevated xanthurenate may suggest a vitamin B6 deficiency.

Kiwi intolerance is a digestive condition marked by difficulty in processing kiwi fruit. Unlike a kiwi allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe and immediate reactions, kiwi intolerance mainly leads to digestive discomfort and symptoms after consuming the fruit.

C11ORF21 (Chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 21) is a gene whose biological function is currently unclear or uncharacterised. Identified through genomic studies, its specific role in cellular activity and potential links to health or disease are still under investigation as part of ongoing research in human genetics.

Carp intolerance is a condition marked by difficulty digesting carp, a freshwater fish commonly consumed in various dishes. Unlike a carp allergy, which provokes an immune response and can cause severe symptoms, carp intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal issues after eating carp or foods containing it.

Selenium is a vital mineral that supports thyroid function, maintains a healthy immune system, and protects cells from oxidative damage. It plays an important role in fighting infections and sustaining overall immune health. Selenium is found in foods such as Brazil nuts, fish, poultry, and whole grains. Maintaining adequate selenium levels is essential to prevent cell damage and support immune defence, while deficiency can impair thyroid function and weaken the immune response.

Perch intolerance is a non-allergic reaction to perch, a freshwater fish known for its mild flavour. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, perch intolerance typically involves difficulty digesting certain proteins or compounds in the fish, leading to gastrointestinal or other non-immune-related symptoms.

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that supports muscle endurance and exercise performance. It helps produce carnosine, a compound that buffers acid in muscles and reduces fatigue during high-intensity activity. Commonly found in meat, fish, and poultry, beta-alanine is also widely used in supplements to enhance workout capacity and delay muscle exhaustion.

Timothy grass pollen allergy is a condition caused by an immune response to the pollen of Timothy grass, a common grass species found throughout temperate regions and frequently used for hay. This allergy is a form of seasonal allergic rhinitis, with symptoms typically occurring during the grass's pollination period, usually in late spring and early summer.

Black caviar intolerance is a condition that impairs the digestive system's ability to process black caviar — a salt-cured fish egg delicacy. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, nausea, or discomfort after consumption.

HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) is a biomarker that indicates the average blood glucose levels over the last two to three months. It is formed when glucose attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells and acts as a crucial marker for long-term blood sugar control. Raised HbA1c levels indicate poor glucose management and are routinely used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless and aid digestion and vitamin production, some types can cause foodborne illness and gastrointestinal infections.

TPMT (Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase): TPMT is an enzyme that metabolises thiopurine drugs, such as azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine, which are used in autoimmune diseases and cancer treatment. Genetic variations in TPMT affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown and toxicity risk. Individuals with low TPMT activity are at higher risk of severe bone marrow suppression. Testing TPMT helps adjust thiopurine dosage to reduce adverse effects and improve treatment safety.

Ramson (wild garlic) is a tasty and aromatic herb frequently used in cooking for its unique flavour. Although it provides culinary and possible health benefits, some people may suffer from ramson intolerance, which can cause digestive discomfort or negative reactions after eating it.

DES (Desmin) is a gene that encodes an intermediate filament protein essential for maintaining the structural stability of muscle cells. It helps preserve the integrity and function of skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Mutations in DES are associated with muscle disorders, including myopathies and cardiomyopathies, underscoring its critical role in muscle health.

Cocaine is a potent illegal stimulant obtained from the coca plant. It is typically snorted, inhaled, or injected, leading to brief but intense euphoria, increased energy, and enhanced alertness. Cocaine use poses significant health risks, including heart attacks, strokes, and addiction. It is recognized for its high abuse potential and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the United States.

SPINK5 (Serine Peptidase Inhibitor, Kazal Type 5) is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for regulating enzyme activity in the skin. This protein helps maintain skin barrier integrity and supports immune defence. Mutations in SPINK5 are linked to Netherton syndrome, a condition marked by skin inflammation, scaling, and increased allergy risk.

SLC4A4 (Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 4) is a gene that encodes a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter involved in regulating acid-base balance in the body. Mainly expressed in the kidneys and pancreas, it plays a key role in bicarbonate reabsorption and pH regulation. Disruptions in SLC4A4 function can impair the body's ability to maintain acid-base homeostasis, contributing to conditions such as renal tubular acidosis.

Lemon intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting lemons or lemon-based products. Unlike a lemon allergy, which triggers an immune response, lemon intolerance primarily leads to digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

IRX6 (Iroquois Homeobox 6) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor from the Iroquois homeobox family, known for its role in early embryonic development. It contributes to the formation and patterning of organs and tissues, particularly in the heart and craniofacial regions. Alterations in IRX6 may be linked to developmental abnormalities and are of interest in studies of congenital and craniofacial disorders.

Savory intolerance refers to a sensitivity that some people have to savory, an aromatic herb valued for its strong and flavorful taste. While savory is often used to enhance a variety of dishes, those with this intolerance may feel discomfort when eating it.

GSTM3 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 3) is a gene that encodes an enzyme from the glutathione S-transferase family, which helps detoxify harmful compounds. It plays a crucial role in metabolising carcinogens, drugs, and byproducts of oxidative stress. Variations in GSTM3 may affect individual susceptibility to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other conditions linked to detoxification pathways.

ARRB1 (Arrestin Beta 1) is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling. It is involved in the desensitisation and internalisation of activated GPCRs, helping to switch off downstream signals. ARRB1 is important for processes such as sensory perception, neurotransmission, and hormonal regulation.

ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor Alpha) is a protein belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor family and acts as a transcription factor. It plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of estrogen, a steroid hormone, by regulating gene expression in various tissues. ESR1 is usually inactive in the cytoplasm but becomes active and translocates to the cell nucleus upon binding to estrogen, where it influences cellular processes.

VMP1 (Vacuole Membrane Protein 1) is a gene involved in autophagy, a vital cellular process for breaking down and recycling cellular components. It plays a key role in the formation of autophagosomes, which help maintain cellular balance. Dysregulation of VMP1 can disturb cell homeostasis and has been associated with conditions such as pancreatitis and certain cancers.

EDNRA (Endothelin Receptor Type A) is a receptor that binds endothelins, peptides involved in regulating blood vessel constriction and blood pressure. It plays a significant role in cardiovascular function and may contribute to the onset of cardiovascular diseases.

GALNT13 (Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the initiation of O-linked glycosylation—a crucial post-translational modification process. It transfers N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to specific protein sites within the Golgi apparatus, influencing protein trafficking, secretion, and interactions on the cell surface. GALNT13 plays a significant role in cell signalling, adhesion, and immune response, with its dysregulation associated with diseases such as cancer and metabolic disorders.

GTPBP10 (GTP-binding protein 10) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular regulation through interactions with guanine nucleotides. As a member of the GTP-binding protein family, GTPBP10 is associated with processes such as protein synthesis, ribosome assembly, and mitochondrial function. Although its exact roles are still being studied, it may contribute to GTPase activity and play a part in maintaining cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis.

EPS8L3 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Substrate 8-Like 3) is a gene associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth, survival, and response to external stimuli. Its involvement indicates potential roles in cellular communication and cancer development. Further studies may clarify its functions and significance in disease progression and treatment.

CYP2C9 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 9) is an enzyme that plays a vital role in metabolising many drugs and natural compounds in the body. It assists the liver in detoxifying and clearing these substances. Variations in the CYP2C9 gene can influence how individuals process medications, affecting drug effectiveness and side effects, which is important for personalised medicine and dosing decisions.

ARSB (Arylsulfatase B) is an enzyme responsible for breaking down certain glycosaminoglycans, particularly dermatan sulfate. Proper ARSB activity helps prevent the buildup of these molecules in tissues. Deficiency or mutations in ARSB lead to Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), a condition marked by skeletal abnormalities, organ involvement, and other systemic effects from dermatan sulfate accumulation.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), particularly as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is a compound that plays two crucial roles in the body. It acts as a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, essential for forming cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Furthermore, in the liver, HMG-CoA aids in the production of ketone bodies, which function as an alternative energy source during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense physical activity when glucose levels are depleted.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic protozoan parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, an intestinal infection characterized by prolonged and recurrent diarrhoea. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions and has been associated with numerous foodborne outbreaks worldwide.

SORCS3 (Sortilin-Related VPS10 Domain Containing Receptor 3) is a protein belonging to the VPS10 domain-containing receptor family, involved in protein trafficking and sorting within cells. It plays a crucial role in the nervous system by regulating the movement of proteins essential for synaptic function. Alterations in SORCS3 activity have been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.

Cashew nut intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system’s ability to process cashew nuts, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cashew nut allergy, which involves an immune response, intolerance typically leads to symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach pain after consumption.

DIO1 (Type 1 Deiodinase) is an enzyme that regulates thyroid hormone activity by converting thyroxine (T4) — the inactive form — into triiodothyronine (T3), the active form. Found mainly in the liver, kidney, and thyroid gland, DIO1 plays a key role in maintaining optimal thyroid hormone levels and supporting tissue-specific metabolic responses.

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the health of both men and women. In men, it is primarily produced in the testes and is vital for the development of male reproductive tissues, as well as promoting muscle growth, body hair, libido, and mood regulation. In women, testosterone is produced in smaller amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands, where it helps maintain bone strength, ovarian function, and sexual desire.

CWF19L2 (Cell Cycle and WD Repeat Domain-Containing Protein 19-Like 2) is a gene that encodes a protein with WD repeat domains, which are known for facilitating protein-protein interactions. While its exact function is not fully understood, it is believed to play a role in cellular signalling or regulatory processes, with ongoing research aimed at clarifying its specific contributions.

FOLH1 (Folate Hydrolase 1), also known as Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), is a gene involved in folate metabolism and the activation of folate for DNA synthesis and repair. It plays a key role in cell growth and division. FOLH1 is notably expressed in prostate cancer cells, making it a valuable target for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

CSNK1G1 (Casein Kinase 1 Gamma 1) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the casein kinase 1 family, which plays a role in essential cellular functions such as cell division, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and Wnt signaling. Through its involvement in Wnt signaling, CSNK1G1 may affect development and holds potential significance in cancer biology.

SLC44A1 (Solute Carrier Family 44 Member 1) is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for transporting choline, an essential nutrient involved in producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and maintaining cell membrane structure. This transporter supports key processes like nerve signalling and cell health. Disruptions in choline transport may affect brain function and have been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.

ACYP2 (Acylphosphatase 2) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in breaking down acylphosphates, playing a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism. It contributes to muscle function, potentially impacting muscle efficiency and stamina. Variations in ACYP2 have been linked to aging and related conditions, underlining its possible connection to energy regulation and lifespan.

FAM9A (Family with Sequence Similarity 9 Member A) is a protein-coding gene that belongs to a group of genes sharing sequence similarity. Although its specific functions are still being studied and are not completely understood, FAM9A is expressed in several tissues, including the brain, testis, and ovaries. This indicates it may have roles in vital cellular processes within these organs. Genes in the FAM family often participate in cell signaling, transcription regulation, or protein interactions, but the precise functions of FAM9A are still under investigation.

DCSTAMP (Dendritic Cell-Specific Transmembrane Protein) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in immune function and bone health. It plays a key role in the fusion of cells to form osteoclasts and dendritic cells, which are essential for bone remodelling and immune response. Disruption of DCSTAMP can impact bone density and immune system regulation.

Spelt intolerance refers to adverse reactions or symptoms some individuals may experience after consuming spelt, a type of wheat. Unlike spelt allergies, it does not involve an immune system response to specific proteins but is related to difficulties digesting certain components found in spelt.

Tramadol is a prescription opioid painkiller used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works by attaching to opioid receptors in the brain and affecting neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, which changes how pain is perceived.

Malt is a product derived from the fermentation of barley grain and is widely used in brewing, baking, and as a natural sweetener. While malt is a versatile ingredient, some individuals may experience intolerance, which can affect their ability to properly digest products containing malt.

TAS2R5 (Taste 2 Receptor Member 5): TAS2R5 is a bitter taste receptor in humans that plays an important role in detecting bitterness. These receptors help identify potentially harmful substances in food. Variations in TAS2R5 and other taste receptors can influence dietary preferences and nutritional choices, which may impact metabolism and overall health.

Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria found in environments such as soil, water, and the human gut. Certain species, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, can cause serious infections in the lungs, bloodstream, urinary tract, and wounds. These bacteria are known for their resistance to many antibiotics, posing a significant challenge in healthcare settings.

CHD6 (Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 6) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin remodeling, which helps regulate gene expression and maintain genomic stability. This protein plays a key role in cellular development and differentiation, and disruptions in its function have been associated with certain cancers.

The PSA ratio, or free-to-total PSA ratio, is a measure that indicates the proportion of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to total PSA in the blood. It is calculated by dividing the free PSA (not bound to proteins) by the total PSA (free plus protein-bound), then multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. This ratio aids in differentiating between benign prostate conditions and prostate cancer, particularly in men with moderately elevated total PSA levels.

ASPRV1 (Aspartic Peptidase, Retroviral-Like 1): ASPRV1 is a gene that encodes an aspartic peptidase enzyme. Its specific function is still under study, but it may be involved in proteolytic processes within cells. Ongoing research is focused on better understanding its roles and potential implications.

AS3MT (Arsenic (+3) Methyltransferase) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the detoxification of arsenic, a toxic environmental metalloid. This enzyme facilitates the methylation of arsenic, allowing it to be more easily eliminated from the body. AS3MT plays a key role in arsenic metabolism and may influence an individual’s susceptibility to arsenic-related health effects.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including inhibition of mineralisation and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

The AGT gene plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure and maintaining fluid balance in the body. Variations or mutations in the AGT gene can influence the risk of developing hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the function of AGT is essential for managing these health conditions.

ADCY5 (Adenylate Cyclase 5) is a gene encoding an enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), an essential signalling molecule. This enzyme plays a key role in regulating important cellular functions such as neurotransmission and hormone signalling, and it may affect neurological and metabolic processes.