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In this section, you’ll discover a comprehensive list of health items featured in our health tests. These items are carefully evaluated to track health, prevent disease, and evaluate the efficiency of body processes. If you are missing a marker, please reach out. We can more or less test anything through our network of leading laboratories

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Marijuana, derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, contains the psychoactive compound THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). It is used both recreationally and medicinally. Recreational use produces euphoria and relaxation, while medicinal use includes pain relief, reducing nausea, and alleviating symptoms of chronic conditions. Its legal status varies by region, with increasing acceptance for medicinal purposes....
Methadone is a long-acting synthetic opioid medication, commonly used in the treatment of opioid dependence and as a pain reliever for chronic pain. It works by altering the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain, and by diminishing the withdrawal symptoms associated with opioid addiction. Despite its therapeutic use, methadone also carries a risk of addiction and overdose....
Methane testing through breath analysis is a diagnostic tool used to detect excessive methane production by intestinal bacteria. Methane is a gas produced by specific microbes within the gut, particularly in response to the fermentation of certain carbohydrates. Elevated methane levels in breath tests are associated with conditions like Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), fructose intolerance, and sorbitol intolerance. These conditions can lead to symptoms such as bloating, constipation, abdominal pain, and altered bowel habits....
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a crucial hormone in both men and women, produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, LH plays a vital role in ovulation and the maintenance of the menstrual cycle. It triggers the release of an egg from the ovary and stimulates the production of progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes. Balanced LH levels are essential for reproductive health and hormonal balance in both sexes....
Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated Omega-6 fatty acid, integral to various bodily functions. Found in many vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, LA is crucial for maintaining healthy cell membranes and plays a role in the body's inflammatory processes....
Iso-leucine aids in muscle repair and energy production. It's an essential amino acid, important for building proteins. Found in foods like meat, fish, and dairy, iso-leucine is crucial for athletes and active individuals. It helps in muscle recovery and boosts energy levels. Maintaining the right levels of iso-leucine is key for strong muscles and overall endurance. It plays a vital role in keeping muscles healthy and energized....
Influenza B is one of the types of influenza viruses that cause seasonal flu epidemics primarily affecting humans. While generally less widespread than Influenza A, Influenza B can still lead to significant illness and outbreaks, particularly among children and young adults. Testing for Influenza B is critical for diagnosing and managing influenza cases, especially during flu seasons, to distinguish it from other respiratory infections and to ensure appropriate treatment and preventive measures....
Influenza A is one of the primary types of viruses that cause influenza, a highly contagious respiratory illness. Testing for Influenza A is crucial for accurate diagnosis, especially during flu seasons or outbreaks, as it helps differentiate flu from other respiratory infections with similar symptoms. This distinction is vital for appropriate treatment decisions, such as the use of antiviral medications, and for implementing preventive measures to control the spread of the virus....
Hydrogen sulfide in water is a gas that produces a distinctive "rotten egg" odor, often noticeable even at low concentrations. It occurs naturally from the bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, as in swamps and sewers, or can result from industrial processes. In water, it can be problematic due to its smell, taste, and corrosive properties....
Hydrogen breath testing is a diagnostic method used to detect abnormal levels of hydrogen in the breath, which are produced by bacterial fermentation in the intestines. This test is particularly useful for diagnosing Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), fructose intolerance, and sorbitol intolerance. Elevated hydrogen levels can indicate that undigested carbohydrates are being fermented by bacteria in the gut, leading to symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain....
Valine supports muscle growth and energy production. This essential amino acid is crucial for protein synthesis and muscle repair. You'll find valine in dairy, meat, grains, and mushrooms. It's key for endurance and muscle metabolism. Valine helps in tissue repair and regulating blood sugar....
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland to regulate thyroid function. It signals the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones, which are crucial for metabolism, energy, and growth. TSH levels help diagnose thyroid disorders, indicating whether the thyroid is functioning properly....
The measurement of histamine in stool is a diagnostic test used primarily to detect and evaluate allergic reactions and inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. Histamine, a biogenic amine, is released by immune cells in response to allergens and plays a key role in inflammatory processes. High levels of histamine in the stool can indicate gastrointestinal disorders such as food allergies, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and mast cell activation syndromes. This test helps in identifying the presence of excessive immune response and aids in the diagnosis and management of conditions related to increased histamine activity....
Tiger nut intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting tiger nuts, which are small tubers often consumed as a snack or used in various culinary preparations. This can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort. Tiger nut intolerance differs from a tiger nut allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with tiger nut intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming tiger nuts or foods containing them....
Threonine aids in immune system function and gut health. This essential amino acid is important for protein synthesis and collagen production. You'll find threonine in meat, dairy, and lentils. It's key for maintaining a strong immune system and healthy digestive tract. Threonine supports skin and connective tissue health....
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria often found in the stomach lining. It's known for its role in causing peptic ulcers and has been linked to chronic gastritis and an increased risk of stomach cancer. H. pylori's unique ability to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach makes it a significant concern for gastrointestinal health....
Testosterone is a hormone primarily associated with male sexual development and health, though it's also important in women. In men, it's produced mainly in the testes and is crucial for developing male reproductive tissues, promoting secondary sexual characteristics like muscle mass and body hair, and influencing libido and mood. Women produce testosterone in smaller amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands, where it contributes to bone strength, ovarian function, and libido....
GOLT1A, also known as Golgi transport 1A protein, is a member of the Golgi transport family involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking within cells, particularly in the context of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus is a vital organelle responsible for processing, sorting, and modifying proteins and lipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before they are transported to their final destinations. While specific details about GOLT1A are limited, proteins within the Golgi transport family are often involved in mediating the movement of cargo vesicles between different compartments of the Golgi apparatus and between the Golgi apparatus and other cellular...
Sulfate in water refers to the presence of sulfate ions (SO4^2-) dissolved in water. Sulfate is a naturally occurring anion found in many water sources and can also result from human activities such as industrial processes, mining operations, and agricultural runoff. It is a common water quality parameter that can influence both the quality of water and potential environmental impacts....
Secretory IgA (Immunoglobulin A) is a critical component of the immune system, primarily found in mucosal areas like the intestines, respiratory tract, and saliva. It plays a key role in the body's first line of defense, protecting mucosal surfaces by binding to pathogens and preventing their entry into the body. Secretory IgA is essential for maintaining gut health and overall immune function....
Glycine enhances sleep quality and supports skin health. It's a building block for proteins, crucial for collagen production. You can find glycine in protein-rich foods like meat, fish, and dairy. It's also popular in supplements for better sleep and skin. Glycine helps with wound healing and promotes restful sleep. It's key for maintaining healthy skin and effective recovery....
Saturated fatty acids are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products and some plant oils. Unlike unsaturated fats, they have no double bonds in their chemical structure, making them solid at room temperature. Their role in health is complex, with both beneficial and potentially harmful effects depending on the context and consumption levels....
Glutamine boosts gut health and strengthens the immune system. This protein-building amino acid improves intestinal function. Found in meats, eggs, and dairy, glutamine is key for digestion and immunity. People often use it in supplements for muscle recovery and better gut health....
RMI2 (RecQ Mediated Genome Instability 2): RMI2 is part of a protein complex involved in maintaining genomic stability, particularly in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and in the resolution of DNA recombination structures. Its function is crucial in preventing genomic instability, a key factor in cancer development and progression....
Glutamic acid is key for brain function and muscle energy. It's a major neurotransmitter in the brain and helps in protein synthesis. You'll find glutamic acid in protein-rich foods like meat, eggs, and dairy. It's important for learning and memory. Maintaining good glutamic acid levels supports cognitive health and muscle strength. It's essential for healthy brain activity and overall physical performance....
RELN (Reelin): RELN encodes a large secreted extracellular matrix protein named reelin, which is crucial for neuronal migration and positioning during brain development. It affects the layering of neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Mutations or alterations in RELN expression have been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Reelin also plays a role in synaptic plasticity in the adult brain, impacting learning and memory....
The quantitative determination of sugar in stool is a diagnostic test used primarily to detect carbohydrate malabsorption. This type of test is valuable for diagnosing conditions such as lactose intolerance, fructose intolerance, and other disorders where the digestion and absorption of sugars are impaired. By measuring the levels of sugars such as lactose, fructose, or sorbitol in the stool, healthcare providers can identify the specific sugars that a patient's digestive system cannot process effectively. The presence of undigested sugars in the stool often leads to symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, and abdominal pain....
Geotrichum candidum is a type of fungus often found in soil, water, air, and some food products. In the human body, it's commonly present in the gut and on the skin. While typically harmless, Geotrichum candidum can cause issues in immunocompromised individuals....
The quantitative determination of fat in stool samples, often referred to under the umbrella of digestive residues, is a diagnostic test used to evaluate fat absorption and to identify malabsorption syndromes. This test, measures the amount of fat that is excreted in the stool. Excessive fat in the stool, a condition known as steatorrhea, can indicate problems with digestion or absorption of fat in the gastrointestinal tract. The results of this test help in diagnosing conditions such as pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and Crohn's disease....
Free Thyroxine (fT4) is another key thyroid hormone, essential for metabolism, brain development, and bone health. It acts as a precursor for fT3. Measuring fT4 helps assess thyroid function, as it shows the hormone directly produced by the thyroid gland and available for conversion to fT3....
Proline supports skin and joint health. This amino acid is crucial for collagen production, which is key for healthy skin and connective tissues. Found in meat, dairy, and eggs, proline helps maintain skin elasticity and joint flexibility. It's important for wound healing and maintaining strong cartilage....
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid, significantly more potent than morphine, primarily used for pain management, especially in severe or chronic conditions. It's prescribed in forms like patches, lozenges, and injections. Due to its high potency, fentanyl carries a significant risk of addiction and overdose, even in small quantities. It's also illicitly manufactured and mixed with other drugs, increasing the risk of accidental overdoses....
The pH value of the stool can indicate if there are any conditions of excess decay or fermentation in the intestine. A too low pH value often occurs in combination with a dysfunctional intestinal flora, as complex sugars are metabolized to fatty acids, which can contribute to an acidified stool. A too high pH value can be due to excessive amounts of protein, which can stimulate certain intestinal bacteria to produce ammonia and other metabolic products, thus raising the pH value of the stool....
Pancreatic elastase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas, crucial for digesting proteins. Measuring its levels in feces provides valuable information about pancreatic function. This enzyme remains stable in fecal matter, making it a reliable indicator for evaluating the exocrine function of the pancreas, particularly in diagnosing conditions like pancreatic insufficiency....
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a key beneficial bacterium in the human gut, known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It plays a crucial role in maintaining gut health, contributing to a balanced gut microbiome and supporting the intestinal barrier....
Nitrates (NO3-) and nitrites (NO2-) in water are chemical compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen. They are forms of nitrogen that can be naturally present in water or result from human activities, such as agriculture and industrial processes. Elevated levels of nitrates and nitrites in water can be a concern due to their potential health effects and impact on water quality....
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a type of bacteria that is naturally found in the intestines of humans and other animals. It is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. E. coli is a beneficial bacteria that helps to break down food and produce vitamins. However, some strains of E. coli can cause food poisoning....
Myristic acid, a saturated fatty acid with a 14-carbon chain, is found in various animal fats, dairy products, and some plant oils. It plays a role in various biological processes but is also noted for its influence on increasing cholesterol levels when consumed in large amounts....
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a vital Omega-3 fatty acid, crucial for brain health, vision, and the regulation of inflammatory processes. Abundant in fish oils, DHA is essential for optimal brain development in infants and maintaining cognitive function in adults....
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are healthy fats found predominantly in plant-based oils, nuts, and seeds. Characterized by one double bond in their molecular structure, MUFAs are known for their beneficial effects on heart health and cholesterol levels, making them a recommended part of a balanced diet....
Diamine Oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that breaks down histamine, a compound involved in immune responses, gut health, and neurological functions. Adequate DAO levels are crucial for managing histamine levels in the body, preventing histamine intolerance and related symptoms....
D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol used as a biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring Candida infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Elevated levels of D-arabinitol can indicate an overgrowth of Candida, often associated with systemic candidiasis. Its measurement can provide a quicker and non-invasive diagnostic alternative compared to traditional culture methods....
CXCR2 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2): CXCR2 is a receptor for C-X-C motif chemokines, including CXCL5, and is primarily expressed on neutrophils. It plays a key role in mediating chemotactic responses and activating neutrophils during the inflammatory response. CXCR2 is involved in various pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), making it a target for therapeutic intervention in these disorders....
Copper in water refers to the presence of the metallic element copper (Cu) dissolved in or suspended in water. Copper can enter water sources naturally through geological processes or from human activities, such as corrosion of copper pipes, industrial discharges, and mining operations. It is a water quality parameter that can impact both the quality of water and human health....
Chloride in water is an anion (negatively charged ion) consisting of chlorine atoms. It is a naturally occurring component of many water sources, originating from the dissolution of chloride salts in the Earth's crust, such as sodium chloride (table salt) and calcium chloride. Chloride is commonly found in both fresh and saltwater bodies, and its concentration can vary depending on geological and environmental factors....
Calprotectin, a protein in white blood cells, indicates inflammation, especially in the gut. Testing calprotectin in feces shows how inflamed the intestines are. This helps diagnose and track inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. It also helps distinguish these from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually doesn't raise calprotectin levels....
Calcium is vital for strong bones and teeth. It helps in muscle function, nerve signaling, and heart health. Calcium is in dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods. Many people, especially older adults and those who don't consume dairy, might need supplements. A lack of calcium can lead to weak bones and other health issues. It's key for bone density, especially as we age....
Cadmium is a highly toxic heavy metal with no beneficial function in the human body. Prolonged exposure can lead to serious health issues, including kidney damage, bone demineralization, and an increased risk of cancer. Cadmium accumulates in the body over time, making even low-level exposure a concern for long-term health....
Buprenorphine is a medication used in the treatment of opioid addiction and to a lesser extent, chronic pain management. It's a partial opioid agonist, which means it can produce effects similar to opioids but with a lower risk of dependence and abuse compared to full opioid agonists like morphine or heroin. Buprenorphine is often used in medication-assisted therapy (MAT) for opioid addiction, helping to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings....
Beta-alanine boosts muscle endurance and performance. It's a building block for proteins and helps make carnosine, which reduces muscle fatigue. You can find beta-alanine in meat, fish, and poultry. Athletes and bodybuilders often use it in supplements for better workout results. Maintaining a good level of beta-alanine helps with prolonged muscle performance and overall exercise capacity....
Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs commonly prescribed for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. They work by enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain, producing a calming effect. Common benzodiazepines include Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam), and Ativan (lorazepam). While effective, they carry risks of dependence and withdrawal symptoms, especially with long-term use....
Bacteria in water refer to microscopic living organisms, which can range from harmless to pathogenic. While some bacteria are beneficial and essential for ecological balance, others can cause disease. Pathogenic bacteria in water sources can originate from sewage contamination, animal waste, or natural environmental sources, posing a significant public health risk if not properly managed....
Asparagine supports brain function and keeps the nervous system balanced. It builds proteins and aids in amino acid synthesis. Foods rich in asparagine include dairy, beef, poultry, eggs, fish, and asparagus. It plays a key role in brain health and mood regulation....
Apple allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in apples. It's commonly associated with Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS), particularly in individuals who are also allergic to birch pollen, as the proteins in apples can cross-react with birch pollen. Reactions can range from mild to severe, although severe reactions are less common with apple allergies....
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key compound in the Krebs cycle, an essential metabolic pathway for energy production in cells. It plays a crucial role in converting nutrients into energy, amino acid metabolism, and nitrogen transport. Additionally, Alpha-ketoglutarate is involved in various cellular processes, including signaling and regulation....
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein primarily produced by the liver, playing a key role in protecting the lungs and other organs from enzymes that can cause inflammation. In feces, measuring alpha-1 antitrypsin can help assess intestinal protein loss and inflammation, indicating gastrointestinal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease or protein-losing enteropathy....
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with the highest concentrations in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system. ALP plays a crucial role in breaking down proteins in the body and is involved in processes like dephosphorylation. In the liver, ALP is linked to the bile ducts and is useful in diagnosing liver and bone diseases. Elevated levels can indicate bile duct obstruction or bone diseases, while low levels can be seen in certain genetic disorders and malnutrition....
Albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma and plays a critical role in maintaining oncotic pressure, which helps keep fluid within the blood vessels. It also binds and transports various substances in the blood, including hormones, vitamins, and drugs. Albumin is produced in the liver, and its levels in the blood are a key indicator of liver function and nutritional status....
Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting Alaska pollock, a type of fish, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from a fish allergy, specifically to Alaska pollock, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. Alaska pollock intolerance typically results in digestive symptoms following its consumption....
Adipate, or adipic acid, is a component in lipid metabolism and a biomarker for certain metabolic dysfunctions, particularly those affecting fatty acid oxidation. This abnormal presence, often found in urine or blood tests, can help diagnose and monitor metabolic conditions....
ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme): ACE is a crucial enzyme in the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), primarily involved in blood pressure regulation and fluid balance. It catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, thereby playing a pivotal role in controlling vascular tone and electrolyte balance. Angiotensin II's effects include constriction of blood vessels, stimulation of aldosterone secretion, and elevation of blood pressure. Beyond its vasoactive functions, ACE has implications in various physiological and pathological processes, including heart function, kidney disease, and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of ACE activity is associated with hypertension, heart failure, and renal diseases, making it...
Abalone intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting abalone, a type of shellfish, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from an abalone allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with abalone intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming abalone....
3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-OH-kynurenine) is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It is an intermediate product formed during the conversion of tryptophan to other compounds, including the essential coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)....
Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), also known as active vitamin B12, is a form of vitamin B12 that is bound to transcobalamin, a transport protein in the blood. This combination is biologically significant because it is the only form of vitamin B12 that can be taken up by cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, making it readily available for cellular processes. Measurement of holotranscobalamin levels is considered a more direct marker of the recent vitamin B12 status in the body than the total vitamin B12 test, as it represents the fraction of vitamin B12 that is actually available for cellular uptake and immediate use....
ENOSF1 (Enolase Superfamily Member 1): ENOSF1, enolase superfamily member 1, is implicated in the cellular response to vitamin B2 (riboflavin) availability and is associated with the metabolism of cancer cells, particularly in how they adapt to varying nutrient conditions. Alterations in ENOSF1 expression have been studied in the context of tumor metabolism, suggesting a potential role in cancer progression and the development of targeted therapies that exploit metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer cells....
ANAPC4 (Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit 4): ANAPC4 is a component of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a key regulator of the cell cycle. It is involved in marking proteins for degradation, thus controlling the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Dysregulation of ANAPC4 can lead to cell cycle abnormalities, with potential implications for cancer development and progression....
ANGPTL4 (Angiopoietin-Like 4): ANGPTL4, a member of the angiopoietin-like protein family, is a multifunctional protein involved in regulating lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, and inflammation. It exerts its effects through various mechanisms, including inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, which leads to increased plasma triglyceride levels. Additionally, ANGPTL4 modulates angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell migration and tube formation, thereby influencing vascular development and remodeling. Moreover, ANGPTL4 has been implicated in inflammation regulation through its interactions with inflammatory mediators and its role in tissue repair processes. Dysregulation of ANGPTL4 has been associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, as...
Cashew nut intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting cashew nuts, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This intolerance is distinct from a cashew nut allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with cashew nut intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming cashews....
ENOX1 (Ecto-NOX Disulfide-Thiol Exchanger 1): ENOX1 is involved in the transfer of electrons across the cell membrane and may play a role in cellular redox homeostasis. Its function is associated with cell growth regulation and the aging process, although its specific role in human physiology and pathology is not fully understood....
ANKH (Ankylosis Homolog): ANKH is associated with a genetic disorder called familial chondrocalcinosis, which leads to the deposition of calcium crystals in joints, resulting in painful arthritis. ANKH encodes a protein that is involved in the regulation of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate levels, which can influence joint health and mineralization of cartilage and bone tissues....
Catfish intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting catfish, a freshwater fish commonly consumed in various culinary dishes, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from a catfish allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with catfish intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming catfish or dishes containing it....
ENPEP (Glutamyl Aminopeptidase): ENPEP encodes an enzyme known as glutamyl aminopeptidase, which plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation and fluid balance in the body. This enzyme is involved in the angiotensin pathway, a key regulator of blood pressure, by processing angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Alterations or dysfunctions in ENPEP have implications in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, making it a target for research in these areas....
ANKRD30A (Ankyrin Repeat Domain 30A): ANKRD30A encodes a protein with ankyrin repeat domains, which are known for their role in protein-protein interactions. It's particularly noted for its expression in breast tissue and has been implicated in breast cancer biology, possibly serving as a biomarker or therapeutic target in breast cancer research and treatment....
ENPP4 (Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 4): ENPP4 is a member of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family of enzymes, which play important roles in purinergic signaling and phosphate homeostasis. ENPP4 specifically functions as both a phosphodiesterase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds, and a pyrophosphatase, cleaving pyrophosphate bonds. It is predominantly expressed in tissues such as the kidney, liver, and brain, where it participates in various physiological processes including bone mineralization, lipid metabolism, and regulation of extracellular nucleotide levels. ENPP4 has also been implicated in modulating immune responses and inflammation through its interaction with purinergic receptors. Dysregulation of ENPP4 activity has been associated...
EPAS1 (Endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1): Also known as HIF-2alpha, EPAS1 is a transcription factor that responds to low oxygen levels in tissues. It plays a significant role in the physiological adaptation to hypoxia, regulating genes involved in erythropoiesis, iron metabolism, and vascularization. EPAS1 is implicated in high-altitude adaptation and various diseases, including certain cancers....
Catnip, also known as Nepeta cataria, is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the mint family and is known for its effects on cats. While it is not commonly consumed by humans, catnip intolerance can occur in individuals who have difficulty digesting or are sensitive to compounds in catnip. This differs from a catnip allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with catnip intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after coming into contact with catnip or using products containing it....
EPB41L4A (Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.1 Like 4A): EPB41L4A encodes a protein involved in cytoskeletal organization and membrane stability. It plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells, including red blood cells. Mutations in this gene can lead to disorders affecting red blood cell morphology....
EPDR1 (Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15-related protein 1): Similar to MMP15's role in extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics, EPDR1 is implicated in cellular signaling pathways that regulate various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. As a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway substrate family, EPDR1 interacts with key signaling molecules involved in growth factor signaling cascades, modulating downstream signaling events. This protein plays a critical role in mediating cellular responses to extracellular stimuli, such as growth factors and cytokines, thereby influencing cell fate decisions and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of EPDR1 expression or activity has...
EPHA5 (EPH Receptor A5): EPHA5 is part of the ephrin receptor subfamily of protein-tyrosine kinases, which play critical roles in developmental processes, particularly in the nervous system. EPHA5 and its ligands are involved in mediating developmental events, such as neuronal migration and axon guidance. Dysregulation of EPHA5 signaling has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Studies on EPHA5 seek to understand its role in neural development and explore its potential as a therapeutic target in neurological diseases and cancer....
ANO3 (Anoctamin 3): ANO3 encodes a calcium-activated chloride channel, which is significant in smooth muscle function and neurological processes. Mutations in ANO3 are associated with movement disorders, particularly dystonia, a condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and spasms, indicating its role in neuromuscular signaling and function....
AOC1 (Amine Oxidase, Copper Containing 1): AOC1, also known as diamine oxidase, is involved in the metabolism of histamine and polyamines. It plays a role in the regulation of histamine levels and is important in allergic responses, gastrointestinal function, and immune regulation....
AP2A2 (Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 2 Alpha 2 Subunit): AP2A2 is part of the AP-2 adaptor complex, crucial for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This process is vital for cellular internalization of receptors and other proteins, impacting cell signaling and nutrient uptake. Dysregulation of AP2A2 can affect neuronal development and synaptic function, with potential implications in neurological disorders....
Cauliflower intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting cauliflower, a nutritious vegetable often used in culinary dishes, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from a cauliflower allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with cauliflower intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming cauliflower or dishes containing it....
AP3B2 (Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 3 Subunit Beta 2): AP3B2 is a subunit of the Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 3 (AP-3) involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking. It plays a crucial role in sorting cargo proteins to lysosomes and related organelles. Mutations in AP3B2 can lead to Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a disorder characterized by defects in pigmentation and platelet function....
APBB1IP (Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein-Binding Family B Member 1 Interacting Protein): APBB1IP, also known as RIAM (Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule), plays a critical role in integrin activation, a key process in cell adhesion and migration. By linking Rap1 GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton, APBB1IP facilitates cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, impacting immune cell function, tumor metastasis, and wound healing. Its role in these processes makes it a subject of interest for research into immune response regulation and cancer....
EPHB2 (Ephrin Type-B Receptor 2): EPHB2, a member of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family, plays a pivotal role in mediating cell-cell communication and tissue organization. Through its interactions with ephrin ligands, EPHB2 regulates diverse processes such as cell migration, adhesion, and axon guidance during development and adulthood. This receptor is integral to the maintenance of tissue architecture and function, particularly in the nervous system and epithelial tissues. Dysregulation of EPHB2 signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions including cancer progression, neurodevelopmental disorders, and tissue malformation. The intricate balance of EPHB2 activity underscores its significance in orchestrating cellular dynamics...
APOA1 (Apolipoprotein A-I): APOA1 is the major protein component of HDL in plasma and plays a central role in cholesterol transport and metabolism. It facilitates the removal of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion. Variations in APOA1 are associated with changes in HDL levels and risks of cardiovascular disease....
EPM2A (Epilepsy, Progressive Myoclonus Type 2A, Lafora Disease (Laforin)): EPM2A encodes laforin, a phosphatase involved in glycogen metabolism. Mutations in EPM2A cause Lafora disease, a rare, fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Laforin's role in dephosphorylating glycogen is crucial for preventing the formation of Lafora bodies, insoluble glycogen inclusions that are neurotoxic. The loss of EPM2A function underscores its critical role in neuronal health and highlights the impact of metabolic regulation on neurodegenerative diseases....
Chanterelles are a type of edible mushroom known for their distinctive shape and rich flavor. Chanterelle intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting chanterelle mushrooms, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from a chanterelle mushroom allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with chanterelle intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming chanterelles or dishes containing them....
APOB (Apolipoprotein B): Apolipoprotein B is a principal component of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which are carriers of cholesterol in the blood. APOB exists in two main isoforms, APOB-48 and APOB-100, with the latter being integral to the structure of LDL particles. APOB-100 serves as a ligand for LDL receptors, facilitating the uptake of LDL particles by cells and thus playing a crucial role in lipid metabolism and transport. Elevated levels of APOB-containing lipoproteins are strongly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, as they contribute to the formation of plaques that can narrow or block blood vessels....
EPS8L3 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Substrate 8-Like 3): EPS8L3 is a gene associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, a fundamental signaling cascade in cellular physiology. Its involvement in cell signaling pathways implies roles in cellular responses to external stimuli and possibly cancer development. A deeper understanding of EPS8L3's functions could provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies....
APOBEC1 (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme, Catalytic Polypeptide 1): APOBEC1 is an RNA-editing enzyme primarily involved in the post-transcriptional modification of apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA, leading to the production of a shorter apoB protein form in the intestine. This modification is crucial for lipid metabolism and plays a role in the assembly and secretion of lipoproteins. Dysregulation of APOBEC1 can affect cholesterol homeostasis and is of interest in studies related to cardiovascular diseases and lipid disorders....
Cherry intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting cherries, the small, sweet, and juicy fruits commonly enjoyed fresh or as ingredients in various culinary dishes. This leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from a cherry allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with cherry intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming cherries or dishes containing them....
APOC1 (Apolipoprotein C-I): APOC1 is a component of the apolipoprotein family, playing a crucial role in lipid metabolism and transport. It is associated with very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), contributing to the regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. APOC1 acts as an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, enzymes essential for the hydrolysis of triglycerides, thereby influencing lipid levels in the plasma. Its involvement in lipid metabolism suggests a significant role in cardiovascular health, where dysregulation can lead to conditions such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and consequently, cardiovascular disease. Beyond its metabolic functions, APOC1 has been implicated in...
ERBB4 (Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 4): ERBB4, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, serves as a crucial regulator in various cellular processes. This transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase is intricately involved in signaling pathways governing cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Its role extends beyond cellular processes to influence organ development, synaptic plasticity, and cardiac function, among others. ERBB4's activation triggers downstream cascades that modulate gene expression and cellular behavior, contributing significantly to tissue homeostasis and development. Moreover, its dysregulation has been implicated in diverse pathologies, including cancer progression, neurological disorders, and cardiac abnormalities. The multifaceted functions of ERBB4...
APOC4 (Apolipoprotein C-IV): APOC4 is a member of the apolipoprotein family, playing a role in lipid metabolism and transport. This protein is involved in the regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles and may influence the interaction between lipoproteins and their receptors or lipid transfer proteins. APOC4 is present in various lipoprotein fractions in plasma, including very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Its function in lipid metabolism suggests a potential involvement in the development of cardiovascular diseases and lipid disorders. Dysregulation or genetic variations of APOC4 can impact lipid levels and distribution, contributing to atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and other...
ERBIN (Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 Interacting Protein): ERBIN is a protein that interacts with the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in cell growth and differentiation. ERBIN may play a role in modulating the signaling pathways associated with ErbB2 and other cell signaling processes. It has been studied in relation to breast cancer and other cancers where ErbB2 signaling is implicated....
ERG (ETS Transcription Factor ERG): ERG is a member of the ETS transcription factor family and plays a key role in blood vessel development, hematopoiesis, and bone development. Aberrations in ERG have been implicated in the development of certain cancers, particularly prostate cancer and Ewing sarcoma....
APOH (Apolipoprotein H): APOH, also known as beta-2-glycoprotein I, is a multifunctional plasma protein crucial for maintaining lipid metabolism and hemostasis. It serves as a key component of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), playing a regulatory role in the coagulation cascade and preventing thrombosis. APOH also interacts with various molecules including lipoproteins, phospholipids, and coagulation factors, contributing to the modulation of immune responses and the clearance of apoptotic cells. Beyond its role in hemostasis, APOH exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, participating in the regulation of endothelial function and vascular health. Dysregulation of APOH has been implicated in various disorders, including thrombotic diseases,...
Chestnut intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting chestnuts, the starchy nuts often enjoyed roasted, boiled, or as ingredients in various culinary dishes. This leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from a chestnut allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with chestnut intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming chestnuts or dishes containing them....
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