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STARD3 (StAR-Related Lipid Transfer Domain Containing 3): STARD3 is a protein that plays a crucial role in cholesterol trafficking and homeostasis within cells. It enables the transfer of cholesterol between endosomes and the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum. As a member of the START domain family, STARD3 is vital for sterol and lipid transport. Alterations in its function can impact cellular cholesterol distribution, influencing membrane composition, signalling pathways, and potentially contributing to atherosclerosis.

GLP1R (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor): GLP1R is a receptor for the hormone GLP-1, which plays a key role in regulating insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. When activated by GLP-1 or its analogs, GLP1R enhances insulin release, reduces glucagon secretion, and promotes feelings of fullness, making it an important target in treatments for type 2 diabetes and obesity.

HNF4A (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Alpha): HNF4A is a gene that plays a crucial role in liver development and function. It encodes a transcription factor responsible for regulating the expression of genes involved in liver formation, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Mutations in HNF4A can result in metabolic disorders, including maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY).

RADX (RADX DNA Repair Helicase): RADX is a protein that plays a crucial role in DNA repair, especially in maintaining genomic stability during DNA replication. It is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and helps prevent genomic instability — a key factor in cancer development. RADX is a significant focus in understanding DNA repair mechanisms and advancing cancer research.

PAPSS2 (3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-Phosphosulfate Synthase 2): PAPSS2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme essential for the production of PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate), a key sulphate donor in various sulphation reactions. It plays an important role in the metabolism of hormones, drugs, and other molecules. Mutations in PAPSS2 can affect skeletal development and lead to disorders such as spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia.

LCT (Lactase): LCT is a gene that encodes the enzyme lactase, which is essential for digesting lactose found in milk. Variations in this gene can influence the body’s capacity to break down lactose, potentially causing lactose intolerance and associated gastrointestinal symptoms.

KCNIP4, also known as Kv channel-interacting protein 4, is part of the Kv channel-interacting protein (KCNIP) family, also called Kv channel regulatory proteins (KCHIPs). These proteins associate with voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels and play a key role in modulating their function. KCNIP4 primarily regulates the properties of Kv channels, which are integral membrane proteins essential for controlling cellular electrical activity by managing potassium ion flow across membranes. Through its interaction with Kv channels, KCNIP4 influences their gating kinetics, voltage sensitivity, and membrane trafficking.

LYZ (Lysozyme): Lysozyme (LYZ) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the innate immune system by breaking down the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, resulting in bacterial lysis. It is found abundantly in various secretions, including saliva, tears, and milk, as well as in neutrophil granules. Apart from its antibacterial properties, LYZ also helps modulate inflammation and holds potential therapeutic uses in treating infections and inflammatory conditions.

LSAMP (Limbic System-Associated Membrane Protein): LSAMP is a cell adhesion molecule predominantly found in the limbic system of the brain. It plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and is involved in neural development and function. LSAMP has been researched concerning neuropsychiatric disorders and may have relevance for conditions like schizophrenia.

TP53 (Tumor Protein P53): TP53 is a gene that encodes the p53 protein, a crucial tumor suppressor involved in preventing the development of cancer. The p53 protein plays a central role in regulating cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations in TP53 are associated with various types of cancer, underscoring its significance in cancer research and treatment.

UBQLN2, also known as Ubiquilin-2, is a protein involved in the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), a crucial pathway for protein degradation within cells. It contains ubiquitin-like (UBL) and ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains that facilitate interactions with ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome components. UBQLN2 acts as a shuttle factor, transporting ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome for degradation and aiding in protein quality control.

IRF8 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 8) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor crucial for the development and function of immune cells, especially dendritic cells and macrophages. It regulates genes involved in immune responses and antigen presentation. Changes in IRF8 can impact immune cell differentiation and overall immune function.

Ostrich meat intolerance refers to difficulty digesting ostrich meat, a lean, flavorful protein often compared to beef and gaining popularity as an alternative to traditional meats. While ostrich is rich in nutrients and low in fat, intolerance can cause digestive discomfort and limit an individual’s ability to consume it without adverse effects.

LMF2 (Lipase Maturation Factor 2): LMF2 is a gene that encodes a protein essential for the maturation and proper functioning of lipases, enzymes critical for lipid metabolism. It is involved in the processing and activation of lipases within the endoplasmic reticulum. Defects in LMF2 may contribute to dyslipidemia and other metabolic disorders related to lipid metabolism.

Tuna intolerance is a condition where the body has trouble digesting tuna, a type of fish. Unlike a tuna allergy, which causes the immune system to react and can result in severe symptoms, tuna intolerance mainly leads to digestive discomfort. People with this condition usually experience stomach and gut issues after eating tuna.

CA8, also known as Carbonic Anhydrase VIII, is an enzyme from the carbonic anhydrase family that catalyses the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions and protons. Found mainly in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells, CA8 plays an important role in maintaining pH balance and regulating ion transport. This enzyme is expressed in multiple tissues, including the brain, kidneys, and reproductive organs, indicating its diverse physiological functions beyond typical carbonic anhydrase activity. In the central nervous system, CA8 is especially abundant in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum.

Urine density, also known as urine specific gravity, measures the concentration of solutes in urine. It reflects the kidneys' ability to concentrate or dilute urine and acts as an indicator of hydration status and kidney function. Although normal values may vary, deviations can signal dehydration, overhydration, or underlying kidney problems.

MROH2A (Maestro Heat-Like Repeat Family Member 2A): MROH2A is a protein that belongs to a family characterised by maestro heat-like repeats, believed to be involved in lipid metabolic processes. Although its exact functions are not fully understood, MROH2A may play a role in cellular lipid metabolism and could be linked to metabolic disorders. Researching its role could offer valuable insights into metabolic regulation and mechanisms of lipid-related diseases.

ULK3 (Unc-51 Like Kinase 3): ULK3 is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, involved in regulating key cellular processes such as autophagy, which helps degrade and recycle cellular components. While its precise functions and impact on human health and disease are still under investigation, ULK3 plays an important role in maintaining cellular balance.

PRRC2A (Proline-Rich Coiled-Coil 2A): PRRC2A is a protein-coding gene involved in crucial cellular processes such as cell division and gene regulation. It contains proline-rich domains and coiled-coil regions that are vital for protein-protein interactions. Although its exact functions are still under investigation, PRRC2A is linked to certain cancers and may affect cell growth and differentiation.

Shallots are a type of onion known for their mild and sweet flavour and are used as a staple ingredient in many cuisines worldwide. However, some individuals may experience shallot intolerance, which affects their ability to consume shallots without discomfort.

NAA38 (N-Alpha-Acetyltransferase 38, NatC Catalytic Subunit): NAA38 is a part of the N-terminal acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups to the N-terminus of proteins. This modification affects protein stability, localization, and function. Although the exact biological roles and substrate specificity of NAA38 are not yet fully understood, N-terminal acetylation is a common and important post-translational modification. Research on NAA38 and similar enzymes helps uncover regulatory mechanisms of protein function and the effects of protein acetylation on cellular processes and diseases.

BRAF (B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase): BRAF (B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase) is a vital protein involved in the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway, which regulates cell growth, division, and differentiation. Mutations in BRAF are associated with several cancers, including melanoma, thyroid, and colorectal cancer, as well as some non-cancerous conditions such as cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, affecting the heart, facial features, and skin.

CD96 (CD96 Molecule): CD96 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in immune responses. It plays a role in T-cell adhesion and activation and is considered a potential target in cancer immunotherapy due to its function in tumor immunity.

SRR (Serine Racemase): SRR is an enzyme that catalyses the production of D-serine, a co-agonist of the NMDA receptor. Both are essential for neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the brain. Changes in SRR activity can impact glutamatergic signalling and have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, highlighting its important role in brain function and mental health.

IL6 (Interleukin 6): IL6 is a cytokine that indicates the activity of the immune system and inflammation. It plays a crucial role in coordinating the body’s defence mechanisms during infections and injuries. IL6 helps regulate inflammatory responses and directs immune cells to tackle threats. Researchers examine IL6 to understand its complex interactions and its influence on both normal immune function and inflammatory conditions.

GLO1 (Glyoxalase I): GLO1 is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for detoxifying methylglyoxal, a harmful byproduct of metabolism. GLO1 helps protect cells against oxidative stress and plays a role in conditions such as diabetes and other diseases where glyoxalase activity is crucial.

PPP1CB (Protein Phosphatase 1 Catalytic Subunit Beta): PPP1CB is a gene that encodes a catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 — an enzyme essential for regulating cellular processes through dephosphorylation. It plays crucial roles in muscle contraction, glycogen metabolism, and cell division. Dysregulation of PPP1CB activity has been associated with various diseases, including heart disorders and certain types of cancer.

NCLN (Nicalin): NCLN is a protein that forms part of a complex regulating intracellular signalling pathways essential for development. It plays a critical role in modulating Notch signalling — a pathway controlling cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Disruption of NCLN or related pathways can contribute to developmental disorders and various diseases, including cancer, highlighting its importance in cellular communication and overall developmental processes.

MSRB2 (Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B2): MSRB2 is an enzyme that helps repair oxidised methionine residues in proteins, safeguarding cells from oxidative stress and preserving protein function. It is a key component of the body’s antioxidant defence system, supporting cellular resilience against environmental challenges. Studies on MSRB2 explore its potential links to ageing, neurodegenerative disorders, and other conditions associated with oxidative damage.

STARD5 (StAR-Related Lipid Transfer Domain Containing 5): STARD5 is a protein that indicates the activity of the START domain family, which is involved in the transport and distribution of lipids within cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism and maintaining lipid balance, especially in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Although its specific functions are still under research, STARD5’s role in lipid transport suggests possible implications for metabolic disorders and diseases related to lipid imbalance.

Enterococcus is a type of bacteria that naturally lives in the human intestines as part of the normal gut flora. It supports aspects of gut health, but an overgrowth in stool can indicate microbial imbalance or potential infection, especially in people with weakened immune systems.

PITX2 (Paired Like Homeodomain 2): PITX2 is a transcription factor that plays a vital role in the development of multiple organ systems, including the eyes, heart, and abdominal organs. It is involved in establishing the body’s left-right asymmetry. Mutations in PITX2 are associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, a condition affecting the eyes and other organs. Understanding PITX2 is essential for developmental biology and for exploring treatments for related congenital disorders.

RSPO3 (R-Spondin 3): RSPO3 is a member of the R-spondin family that modulates the Wnt signaling pathway, which is essential for embryonic development and cell growth. It plays key roles in processes such as vascular development and stem cell proliferation. Dysregulation of RSPO3 has been linked to conditions including cancer.

TET2 (Tet Methylcytosine Dioxygenase 2): TET2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA. This activity plays a key role in active DNA demethylation, which is essential for regulating gene expression, guiding cellular differentiation, and maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in TET2 are frequently observed in hematological malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia, highlighting its role in epigenetic regulation and cancer development.

Barley is a commonly used grain found in a variety of foods and drinks—from bread and cereals to beer. For some people, barley can trigger an allergic reaction because of its protein content. Identifying the symptoms and effectively managing a barley allergy is crucial for those affected.

CRHR1 (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1): CRHR1 is a receptor for corticotropin-releasing hormone, a key regulator of the body’s stress response. It plays a central role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, influencing stress regulation, mood, and behaviour. Dysregulation of CRHR1 has been linked to psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.

SH3YL1 (SH3 And SYLF Domain Containing 1): SH3YL1 is a gene that encodes a protein containing SH3 and SYLF domains, suggesting a role in protein-protein interactions. Although its exact functions are still being researched, SH3YL1 is believed to participate in cellular signalling pathways and the regulation of membrane dynamics.

Silver is a metal with diverse applications in industry and medicine, but it can become toxic with significant human exposure. While small amounts occur naturally in the environment and consumer products, excessive exposure can lead to health concerns such as argyria — a condition that permanently turns the skin blue-gray. Ingesting, inhaling, or contacting silver compounds can cause argyria and may also affect the liver and kidneys.

SULT2A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 2A Member 1): SULT2A1 is a gene that encodes an enzyme from the sulfotransferase family. This enzyme is responsible for sulfating a variety of compounds, including hormones, drugs, and xenobiotics. The sulfation reactions catalysed by SULT2A1 are essential for metabolising and eliminating these substances, playing a key role in the body’s detoxification processes.

CK, or Creatine Kinase, is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. Elevated levels of CK in the blood can indicate muscle damage, as this enzyme leaks out of damaged muscle cells. There are different types of CK, including CK-MM found in skeletal muscle, CK-MB primarily in the heart, and CK-BB typically in the brain. Measuring CK levels is useful for diagnosing and monitoring muscle damage, including damage from myocardial infarction (heart attack)....

ARRDC3 (Arrestin Domain Containing 3): ARRDC3 is a gene involved in regulating cell signalling pathways and has been studied for its potential role in tumour suppression. It participates in receptor internalisation and may influence cellular responses to external signals, including those involved in metabolic regulation.

TMEM243 (Transmembrane Protein 243): TMEM243 is a gene that encodes a transmembrane protein whose function is not yet fully understood. Like many proteins of this kind, it may be involved in cellular signaling or transport mechanisms.

BNIP5 (BCL2/Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa Interacting Protein 5): BNIP5 is a protein that regulates apoptosis and cell survival. It interacts with members of the Bcl-2 family — key proteins that control cell death and survival — and plays an important role in research on cancer development and cellular stress responses.

Gold is a precious metal prized for its beauty and industrial applications. It is commonly used in electronics, dentistry, and jewellery, and generally poses minimal risk in small quantities. However, prolonged skin contact or exposure to gold dust in industrial environments can lead to dermatitis and allergic reactions. Inhaling gold nanoparticles in manufacturing settings may also affect respiratory health.

ESR1, also known as Estrogen Receptor Alpha, is a protein that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family and acts as a transcription factor. It plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of estrogen, a steroid hormone, across different tissues in the body. ESR1 is vital for regulating gene expression in response to estrogen binding. In the absence of estrogen, ESR1 stays in the cytoplasm in an inactive state, attached to heat shock proteins. When estrogen binds, ESR1 undergoes a conformational change, detaches from the heat shock proteins, and moves to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription.

PPP2R3C (Protein Phosphatase 2 Regulatory Subunit B''Gamma): PPP2R3C is a gene that encodes a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) complex. PP2A is a serine/threonine phosphatase involved in controlling cell growth and division. PPP2R3C modulates PP2A activity, affecting key signalling pathways related to cellular stress responses, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis. Its function is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating cell cycle checkpoints.

PLEKHG1 (Pleckstrin Homology and RhoGEF Domain Containing G1): PLEKHG1 is a gene that encodes a protein containing pleckstrin homology and RhoGEF domains. These domains indicate that the protein plays a role in signalling pathways involved in cell morphology, cytoskeletal organisation, and cellular migration. Although its exact functions are still under investigation, PLEKHG1 is thought to contribute to the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility.

Green beans intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest green beans, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a green beans allergy, which triggers an immune response and can result in more serious reactions, intolerance usually causes digestive symptoms that occur after eating green beans.

SVEP1 (Sushi, Von Willebrand Factor Type A, EGF And Pentraxin Domain Containing 1): SVEP1 is a cell adhesion molecule that supports the development of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It plays a role in cell-cell interactions and signaling pathways essential for vascular stability and immune function. Variations in SVEP1 have been linked to cardiovascular conditions and may affect immune-related disorders.

C1ORF87 (Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 87): C1ORF87 is a gene that remains less characterised, with its function in human biology not yet fully understood. Genes labelled as "open reading frames" (ORFs) are often under active research to uncover their roles in cellular processes and their possible impacts on health and disease.

Histidine is an essential amino acid that supports immune function, tissue repair, and nerve protection. It is a precursor to histamine, a compound important for immune responses and digestion. Found in foods such as meat, fish, and dairy, histidine is vital for maintaining healthy tissues, blood cells, and the myelin sheath around nerve cells.

NR3C2, also known as Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 2 or mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), is a nuclear receptor protein that plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure. It acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor primarily found in the cytoplasm of target cells. Upon binding to mineralocorticoid hormones like aldosterone, NR3C2 undergoes a conformational change and moves into the nucleus to mediate its effects. Its main function includes regulating sodium and potassium ion transport in the kidney, colon, and salivary glands.

Pike fish intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to comfortably digest pike — a freshwater fish prized for its mild flavor and culinary versatility. While enjoyed by many seafood enthusiasts, intolerance can cause digestive discomfort and related symptoms in sensitive individuals.

IL12B (Interleukin 12B): IL12B is a gene that encodes the p40 subunit of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a cytokine involved in immune responses. IL-12 plays a key role in activating the immune system by promoting the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and stimulating the activity of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells to fight infections and tumours.

PTPN7 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 7): PTPN7 is an enzyme involved in cell signalling, particularly within the immune system. It plays a key role in regulating T-cell activation and differentiation, thereby influencing immune responses. Dysregulation of PTPN7 can contribute to immune-related disorders and may have implications in autoimmune diseases and cancer due to its effects on cell signalling pathways.

NKX2-1, also known as thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences. A member of the NKX family of homeodomain-containing proteins, it plays a key role in the development and function of the thyroid, lung, and brain. In the thyroid, NKX2-1 is expressed during embryonic development and is essential for the formation and differentiation of thyroid follicular cells.

FANCC (Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C): FANCC is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, which is vital for DNA repair and maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in FANCC can cause Fanconi anemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital abnormalities, and a heightened risk of cancer.

THAP2 (THAP Domain Containing 2): THAP2 is a member of the THAP domain-containing protein family, identified by a specific DNA-binding domain. These proteins are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and gene expression regulation. Although the precise functions of THAP2 are not completely defined, it may contribute to transcriptional regulation.

TRDMT1 (tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase): TRDMT1 is an enzyme that catalyses the methylation of cytosine at position 38 in tRNA molecules. This modification, known as 5-methylcytosine (m5C), is important for tRNA stability, proper folding, and accurate codon recognition during protein synthesis. TRDMT1-mediated methylation supports key cellular processes such as gene expression regulation and stress responses. Dysregulation of TRDMT1 activity has been linked to diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

TSKU (Tafazzin Knockdown Factor Upstream): TSKU is a gene linked to tafazzin, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Tafazzin plays a crucial role in mitochondrial function and energy production. The role of TSKU in regulating tafazzin highlights its significance in maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane.

FGFR2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2): FGFR2 is a receptor that binds fibroblast growth factors and plays a crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, and tissue repair. It is vital for normal development, and mutations in FGFR2 are associated with several developmental disorders such as craniosynostosis and skeletal dysplasia, as well as being involved in certain cancers.

Pistachio intolerance refers to the body's difficulty in digesting certain components found in pistachio nuts, causing adverse reactions or symptoms after consumption. Unlike pistachio allergies, it does not involve an immune system response to specific proteins but is linked to digestive sensitivity to pistachios.

TBX2 (T-Box Transcription Factor 2): TBX2 is a gene that produces a transcription factor from the T-box family. It is essential for embryonic development and tissue differentiation, especially in the formation of the heart and limbs.

NSMCE1 (Nonspecific Mitochondrial Enzyme 1): NSMCE1 is a gene that encodes a protein involved in maintaining mitochondrial DNA integrity. It plays a role in the repair and replication of mitochondrial DNA, supporting proper mitochondrial function and energy production in cells.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can affect the urethra, rectum, and throat, and in women, it may also infect the cervix. Most common among people aged 15–24, gonorrhea can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Goldenrod is a flowering plant often mistaken as the cause of hay fever, but the real culprit is usually ragweed, which blooms at the same time and produces highly allergenic pollen. Goldenrod’s pollen is heavy and sticky, making it less likely to become airborne. While allergic reactions to goldenrod can occur, they are uncommon and usually involve symptoms similar to hay fever.

AK9 (Adenylate Kinase 9): Adenylate kinase 9 is a gene that encodes an enzyme from the adenylate kinase family, which catalyses the reversible transfer of phosphate groups between adenine nucleotides, primarily ATP and AMP. AK9 is localised to the mitochondria, where it supports energy metabolism and nucleotide balance. By facilitating ATP-AMP interconversion, it helps regulate cellular energy levels and contributes to processes such as mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and stress responses. Dysregulation of AK9 may affect metabolic and cellular homeostasis.

HFE (Homeostatic Iron Regulator): HFE is a gene that plays a crucial role in regulating iron absorption and maintaining iron balance in the body. Mutations in HFE can cause hereditary hemochromatosis, a condition characterized by excessive iron accumulation, which may lead to organ damage.

Saliva alcohol testing is a quick and non-invasive method that detects the presence of alcohol in the body through a saliva sample. This test is commonly used in settings like workplace screening, law enforcement, and personal sobriety monitoring. It measures the approximate blood alcohol concentration (BAC), giving immediate insights into an individual’s recent alcohol consumption and current level of intoxication.

Glyphosphate: Glyphosphate is a chemical compound used as an active ingredient in many herbicides. It functions by inhibiting an enzyme essential for plant growth, making it effective for weed control. Glyphosphate is commonly applied to crops such as wheat, soybean, and corn and may be found in food and water. Exposure to glyphosphate has been associated with potential health risks, and its presence in the body can offer insights into environmental and dietary effects.

TGFB2 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2): TGFB2 is a cytokine that plays a key role in regulating cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It is essential for embryonic development and tissue repair and has been linked to various conditions, including cancer and fibrotic diseases.

PDGFB (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Subunit B): PDGFB is a gene that encodes a key growth factor involved in cell signalling and tissue repair. As part of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family, it plays an essential role in promoting cell proliferation, migration, wound healing, tissue remodelling, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis).

THEMIS2 (Thymocyte Selection Associated Family Member 2): THEMIS2 is a gene primarily expressed in immune cells and involved in regulating innate immune responses. It participates in signalling pathways that influence the activation and function of macrophages and B cells. Its role in immune regulation points to potential involvement in inflammatory diseases and makes it a possible target for modulating immune activity in autoimmunity and infection.

MECOM (MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus): MECOM is a transcriptional regulator involved in hematopoiesis and the development of certain cancers, especially myeloid leukemia. It encodes EVI1, a protein that functions in gene regulation, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation.

CELF2 (CUGBP Elav-Like Family Member 2): CELF2 is a member of the CUG-BP, Elav-like family of RNA-binding proteins, which play essential roles in regulating RNA processing, including alternative splicing, stability, and translation. CELF2 is involved in immune system development and function and has been linked to neurological disorders. Its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation makes it an important factor in cell differentiation and disease development, presenting potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

TSLP (Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin): TSLP is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in initiating allergic inflammation and regulating immune responses at the epithelial barrier. It acts on dendritic cells, promoting a Th2-skewed immune response, which is central to the development of allergic conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Research on TSLP emphasises its potential as a therapeutic target, with insights into its mechanisms providing opportunities for innovative treatments of these diseases.

OPCML (Opioid Binding Protein/Cell Adhesion Molecule Like): OPCML is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that plays a role in cell adhesion and signaling. It has been identified as a tumour suppressor, with its expression often reduced in various cancers, indicating a protective role against tumour development and progression.

FARSA (Phenylalanyl-tRNA Synthetase Subunit Alpha): FARSA is a protein involved in the translation process of protein synthesis, specifically responsible for attaching phenylalanine to its corresponding tRNA. This function is essential for the accurate translation of mRNA into proteins. Mutations or dysregulation of FARSA can lead to errors in protein synthesis, potentially causing various cellular dysfunctions and contributing to disease development.

Total IgE testing measures the overall level of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in the blood, which are produced in response to allergens. Elevated levels may indicate increased allergic sensitivity but do not identify specific allergens.

MPO (Myeloperoxidase): MPO is an enzyme primarily found in neutrophils and plays a crucial role in the body’s defence system. It produces hypochlorous acid and other reactive molecules from hydrogen peroxide to fight bacteria and pathogens. While vital for immune defence, MPO activity can also cause tissue damage during inflammation and has been associated with diseases, including cardiovascular conditions, through its involvement in oxidative stress.

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body and is essential for producing hormones, vitamin D, and digestive substances. While the body produces all the cholesterol it needs, it is also found in animal-based foods such as meat and dairy. There are two main types: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or “bad” cholesterol, which can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or “good” cholesterol, which helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.

BORCS7 (BLOC-1 Related Complex Subunit 7): BORCS7 is a part of the BLOC-1 (Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-1). It plays a crucial role in the formation of lysosome-related organelles, such as melanosomes in melanocytes. Dysfunction in BORCS7 can impact pigmentation and neurological functions.

MARCO (Macrophage Receptor With Collagenous Structure): MARCO is a receptor found on the surface of macrophages that plays a crucial role in the immune system's response to pathogens and particulate matter. It helps in recognizing and eliminating bacteria and environmental particles, thereby contributing to innate immunity and inflammation regulation.

TFRC (Transferrin Receptor): TFRC is a measure that reflects the activity of a key protein responsible for maintaining iron balance in the body. TFRC facilitates the uptake of transferrin-bound iron into cells and is essential for the production of red blood cells. It is also widely recognised as a marker of cellular growth, with irregularities linked to conditions such as anaemia and cancer.

C-reactive protein (CRP) testing measures the level of CRP in the blood, a marker that reflects inflammation in the body. Elevated CRP levels can indicate acute inflammation, infections, or chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease. This test is commonly used to diagnose and monitor inflammatory conditions, detect flare-ups, and assess cardiovascular risk. Regular CRP testing helps guide treatment decisions and evaluate how well therapies are reducing inflammation.

Chanterelle intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting chanterelle mushrooms, a type of edible fungi known for their rich flavour and unique shape. Unlike a true allergy, which involves an immune response, chanterelle intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after consumption.

Hamster allergies occur due to allergens found in a hamster’s dander, saliva, and urine. These allergens can cause reactions in individuals either through direct contact with the animal or via airborne exposure. Such allergic reactions are common in households with hamsters or in pet care settings.

Maple leaf sycamore, also called sycamore maple, is a major trigger of spring allergies. Its pollen can cause irritation in sensitive people, leading to seasonal allergic rhinitis. Symptoms usually get worse on bright, windy days when pollen levels are at their peak in the air.

TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor): TNF is a cytokine that indicates the activity of the immune system in response to infection and tissue injury. It plays a vital role in regulating inflammation and immune responses, and its imbalance is linked to autoimmune disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases.

FOXO3 (Forkhead Box O3): FOXO3 is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating genes involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. It is a significant factor in the study of longevity and age-related diseases, influencing pathways that impact the ageing process. In ageing research, FOXO3 stands out as a key element, with scientists striving to understand its role in the complex mechanisms of life and ageing.

PTPRM (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type M): PTPRM is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in cell signalling and regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation. It contributes to processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and neuronal development. Dysregulation of PTPRM has been linked to cancer progression and certain neuronal disorders.

NFIA (Nuclear Factor I A) is a transcription factor that plays crucial roles in regulating gene expression, cellular differentiation, and development. It is primarily found in the nucleus and is part of the Nuclear Factor I (NFI) family, a group of conserved DNA-binding proteins involved in controlling transcription. NFIA functions by binding to specific DNA sequences known as NFIA recognition elements in gene promoters, modulating gene activity through interactions with co-regulators and chromatin-modifying enzymes.

PRDM16 (PR Domain Containing 16): PRDM16 is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating the differentiation of brown adipocytes and activating thermogenesis. It is essential for controlling energy expenditure and metabolic health. As a key regulator of the body's energy balance, PRDM16 holds significant potential in enhancing our understanding of metabolism and combating obesity.

OR5H14 (Olfactory Receptor Family 5 Subfamily H Member 14): OR5H14 is part of the olfactory receptor (OR) gene family, which is responsible for detecting and binding odor molecules. These receptors play a key role in the sense of smell. The specific ligands and precise function of OR5H14 in olfaction are not yet fully understood, but it contributes to the complexity and diversity of smell perception.

PAX5, also known as Paired Box 5, is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in B-cell development and differentiation. It is part of the PAX family of transcription factors, characterized by a conserved paired box domain involved in DNA binding and protein interactions. PAX5 is vital for determining B-cell lineage commitment during hematopoiesis and is expressed in progenitor cells destined to become B cells, supporting their progression from hematopoietic stem cells.

NFATC2 (Nuclear Factor Of Activated T-Cells 2): NFATC2 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating immune responses. It is activated in T cells by signals that increase intracellular calcium, allowing it to move to the nucleus and influence genes involved in T cell activation and differentiation. NFATC2 is important for proper immune system development, and its dysregulation has been linked to autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency.

MFSD10 (Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain-Containing Protein 10): MFSD10 is a gene that encodes a protein involved in transport processes across cell membranes. While its specific function is still under investigation, MFSD10 may play a role in nutrient transport and maintaining cellular homeostasis.

PRB2 (Proline-Rich Protein BstNI Subfamily 2): PRB2 is a protein involved in oral and salivary biology. It plays a key role in the formation of the dental pellicle and the defence of the oral mucosa. As part of the proline-rich protein family, PRB2 is important for maintaining oral health and protecting against dental caries and other oral diseases.

COG1 (Component Of Oligomeric Golgi Complex 1): COG1 is a part of the COG complex, a vital component for normal Golgi function and protein trafficking within the cell. Proper functioning of COG1 is crucial for glycoprotein processing, and mutations in COG1 can impair Golgi activity, resulting in congenital disorders of glycosylation—a group of metabolic disorders that lead to various developmental issues.