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Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) is a chemical that acts both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body. It plays a vital role in the fight-or-flight response, increasing alertness, arousal, and reaction time. Noradrenaline also aids in mood regulation and helps sustain blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone and neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal glands. It plays a vital role in the body’s fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for immediate action in stressful situations. Adrenaline increases heart rate, dilates airways, and boosts energy availability, enabling quick and effective survival reactions.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacterium that causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection that can affect the mucous membranes of the genital tract, urinary tract, rectum or throat. It may cause symptoms such as abnormal discharge, burning while urinating or lower abdominal pain, but it can also be present without noticeable symptoms.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can affect the urethra, rectum, and throat, and in women, it may also infect the cervix. Most common among people aged 15–24, gonorrhea can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) IgM antibodies are immune proteins that may develop as part of the body’s immune response to herpes simplex virus, including HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. IgM antibodies are sometimes associated with a recent immune response, but they can be difficult to interpret and may also appear during recurrent infections. A positive result does not confirm an active infection and does not distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) IgG antibodies are immune proteins that may develop after exposure to herpes simplex virus, including HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. IgG antibodies usually appear later than IgM antibodies and can remain detectable in the body for a long time. A positive result may indicate previous exposure to HSV, but this marker does not show whether the infection is active or distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Dust mite allergen, which is a common indoor allergen causing respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), particularly as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is a compound that plays two crucial roles in the body. It acts as a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, essential for forming cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Furthermore, in the liver, HMG-CoA aids in the production of ketone bodies, which function as an alternative energy source during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense physical activity when glucose levels are depleted.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Glutamate is a crucial excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that plays an essential role in cognitive functions such as learning and memory. It is vital for brain development and synaptic plasticity. However, excessive levels of glutamate can lead to neuronal overstimulation, resulting in potential neurotoxicity. This delicate balance makes glutamate indispensable for normal brain function while also associating it with various neurological disorders.

Edam cheese intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting Edam cheese, a semi-hard cheese known for its mild and nutty flavour. Unlike an Edam cheese allergy, which involves the immune system and can cause severe reactions, intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. Individuals with Edam cheese intolerance often experience symptoms such as stomach pain, bloating, or nausea after consuming Edam cheese or products containing it.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition caused by low levels of lactase, the enzyme required to break down lactose — the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency can cause symptoms such as bloating, gas, and abdominal discomfort after consuming foods containing lactose.

Green tea intolerance is a condition where an individual finds it difficult to digest green tea, a commonly consumed beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant properties. Unlike a green tea allergy, which causes an immune reaction and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance primarily leads to digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal issues after drinking it.