Minerals

Boron is a trace mineral that supports bone strength, cognitive function, and hormonal balance. It aids the body’s absorption of magnesium and calcium, helping protect against osteoporosis. Boron also contributes to mental clarity and overall brain performance. Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, nuts, beans, and leafy vegetables, it is easily incorporated into a healthy diet.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral important for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also supports muscle function, nerve communication, and heart health. Calcium is commonly found in dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods. Many individuals, particularly older adults and those with limited dairy intake, may require supplements. Inadequate calcium levels can lead to reduced bone density and other health complications, making it especially important for healthy aging.

Chromium (Cr), in trace amounts, is an essential nutrient that supports glucose metabolism and insulin function. While beneficial in its nutritional form, certain types — such as hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) — are highly toxic and carcinogenic. Excessive exposure can harm the skin, respiratory system, and kidneys, leading to serious health complications.

Cobalt is a trace mineral that plays a vital role in the body as a component of vitamin B12. It is essential for nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. While cobalt itself is not directly consumed, its presence in vitamin B12 is crucial for maintaining overall health. Deficiency, though rare, can cause symptoms similar to those of vitamin B12 deficiency, affecting energy levels and cognitive function. In small amounts, cobalt is necessary, but excessive exposure can lead to serious health problems, including respiratory issues, heart complications, and thyroid dysfunction.

The copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential trace minerals in the body — copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Both support critical physiological processes, including immune function, antioxidant defense, and enzyme activity. An imbalance in this ratio may signal underlying health concerns, with symptoms depending on whether there is an excess or deficiency of either mineral.

Ferritin is a protein that reflects the body’s iron storage levels, serving as a key indicator of total iron reserves. It plays an important role in assessing iron status because it remains more stable and less affected by recent dietary intake than direct iron measurements. Low ferritin levels can signal iron deficiency, while elevated levels may indicate iron overload or inflammation.

The iodine (I) level is a measure of the body’s supply of a vital mineral essential for thyroid health. Iodine plays a key role in the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and energy production. While iodine is naturally found in seafood, dairy, and some grains, deficiency is common, particularly in regions with iodine-poor soil. Insufficient iodine can lead to thyroid disorders and affect overall health, making adequate intake important for proper bodily functions.

Iron is an essential mineral vital for producing hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It plays a key role in energy production, cognitive function, and supporting a healthy immune system. Iron is commonly found in red meat, beans, fortified cereals, and leafy greens. Many people, especially women and vegetarians, may require supplements to maintain adequate levels. Iron deficiency can cause fatigue and reduce immune strength.

Lithium (Li) is a naturally occurring element, known primarily for its use in psychiatric treatment. In trace amounts, lithium may influence mood stability and mental health. Emerging research suggests that small doses of lithium could support cognitive function, mood enhancement, and neuroprotection, highlighting its potential role in neurological health.

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral that supports muscle and nerve function, blood sugar regulation, protein synthesis, and bone health. It also helps maintain healthy blood pressure and strengthens the immune system. Magnesium is commonly found in nuts, seeds, whole grains, and leafy green vegetables. Many people, especially older adults, may not get enough magnesium, which can lead to muscle cramps, fatigue, and other health issues.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential minerals in the body — magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are crucial for bone strength, muscle performance, nerve signaling, and cardiovascular health. An imbalance in this ratio can influence bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several critical functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defenses. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although uncommon, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

Molybdenum (Mo) is a trace mineral that supports essential enzymatic processes in the body. It plays a key role in detoxifying harmful sulfites and breaking down amino acids. Although molybdenum deficiency is uncommon, maintaining adequate levels is important for overall health. Good dietary sources include legumes, grains, nuts, and dairy products, which help support natural detoxification and healthy enzyme function.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that supports the formation of strong bones and teeth. It plays a key role in how the body processes carbohydrates and fats and is involved in producing proteins needed for cell growth, maintenance, and repair. Phosphorus also helps create ATP, the molecule responsible for storing energy in the body. It’s commonly found in foods like meat, fish, dairy, nuts, and beans, and a balanced diet usually provides sufficient amounts. However, deficiencies can occur, especially in certain health conditions.

Potassium (K) is an essential mineral and electrolyte that supports heart health, muscle contraction, nerve function, and fluid balance. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and reducing the risk of stroke. Potassium is abundant in foods such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, and spinach.

The Potassium/Calcium ratio in whole blood is a useful marker for evaluating mineral balance and cellular function. The ratio between these two minerals can indicate potential imbalances that may affect neuromuscular function, cardiovascular stability, or hormonal regulation. A disrupted ratio may be influenced by diet, stress, kidney function, or adrenal activity. Monitoring this ratio can help identify underlying issues even when individual mineral levels appear within range.

The potassium/sodium (K/Na) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential electrolytes in the body — potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Both play vital roles in maintaining nerve function, muscle contraction, hydration, and fluid balance.

Selenium is an essential mineral that supports thyroid function, a healthy immune system, and protects cells from oxidative damage. It plays a key role in fighting infections and maintaining overall immune health. Selenium is found in foods like Brazil nuts, fish, poultry, and whole grains. Maintaining adequate selenium levels is important for preventing cell damage and supporting immune defense, while deficiency can impair thyroid function and weaken immune response.

Silicon is a trace mineral that supports bone strength and promotes healthy skin, hair, and nails. It is commonly found in grains, fruits, and vegetables, making it easy to obtain through diet. Silicon may also help prevent osteoporosis by contributing to bone mineral density.

Sodium (Na) is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in nerve signaling, muscle function, and regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. It helps maintain proper hydration and supports communication between nerves and muscles. Sodium is commonly found in salt, processed foods, and many snacks. However, excessive sodium intake can contribute to health problems such as high blood pressure.

Strontium is a trace mineral that, like calcium, supports bone strength and may help reduce the risk of osteoporosis. It is naturally found in foods such as seafood, whole grains, and vegetables. While beneficial in small amounts, excessive intake can interfere with calcium absorption, highlighting the importance of maintaining proper mineral balance.

Vanadium is a trace mineral that may support blood sugar regulation and insulin sensitivity. Found in foods like mushrooms, shellfish, black pepper, and grains, it has shown potential in diabetes management. However, its effectiveness and safety remain under investigation, as high doses can be toxic.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace mineral that supports immune defense, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and growth. It also plays a role in taste, smell, and hormone regulation. Rich sources include meat, shellfish, legumes, and nuts. Insufficient intake — common among vegetarians and older adults — can weaken immunity, slow healing, and affect skin health and resistance to infections.

Zirconium is a metal commonly used in dental implants and various consumer products. While pure zirconium is generally safe, some of its compounds can irritate the lungs if inhaled. Care should be taken when handling zirconium-containing powders or sprays to prevent respiratory irritation.