BCO1 (Beta-Carotene Oxygenase 1) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in converting beta-carotene into retinal, the active form of vitamin A. Vitamin A is vital for vision, immune health, and cell communication. The activity of BCO1 affects how efficiently dietary beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A, influencing overall vitamin A levels and related health outcomes. Variations in the BCO1 gene can affect an individual’s capacity to metabolise beta-carotene and their risk of vitamin A deficiency.