Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria during the breakdown of choline, carnitine, and lecithin—nutrients commonly found in meat, eggs, and dairy. In the liver, TMA is converted into Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a compound that has been linked to cardiovascular risk in several studies. Elevated TMA/TMAO levels may reflect high microbial conversion activity in the gut, imbalanced microbiota, or a diet rich in animal-based products. While research is ongoing, high TMAO has been associated with inflammation and impaired cholesterol metabolism. Balanced gut flora and plant-forward diets may help maintain healthy TMAO levels.

Blood group A has A antigens on the surface of red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood group can donate blood to people with blood group A or AB. They can receive blood from group A or O donors. Group A is one of the most common blood types worldwide. Proper matching is essential to avoid transfusion reactions.

Grapefruit intolerance refers to the body's difficulty in digesting grapefruit, a citrus fruit appreciated for its tangy taste and nutritional value. Unlike a grapefruit allergy, which causes an immune system reaction, grapefruit intolerance usually results in digestive issues such as bloating, gas, or stomach pain after eating grapefruit or products containing it.

Pollen from ribwort plantain, a type of plant that can trigger respiratory allergies, especially in summer.

Meat from young sheep, commonly consumed in various cuisines. Can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

Dust mite allergen, which is a common indoor allergen causing respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Shellfish that is a common allergen, causing symptoms such as hives, swelling, and anaphylaxis.

CES1 (Carboxylesterase 1): CES1 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of various drugs, including clopidogrel, methylphenidate, and certain antiviral and chemotherapy agents. Genetic variations in CES1 can affect drug activation and breakdown, influencing both therapeutic effects and the risk of side effects. Testing CES1 can help optimise drug dosing and improve treatment outcomes.

CYP2C19 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 19): CYP2C19 is an enzyme that metabolises medicines such as proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel. Genetic variations influence the enzyme’s activity, affecting drug effectiveness and the likelihood of side effects. Testing for CYP2C19 can help tailor medication dosing and treatment decisions.

VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1): VKORC1 is an enzyme involved in the recycling of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting. Genetic variations in VKORC1 influence sensitivity to vitamin K antagonists like warfarin, affecting dosage requirements and the risk of bleeding. Testing VKORC1 can help personalise anticoagulant therapy for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4): CYP3A4 is one of the most important enzymes in drug metabolism, involved in breaking down a wide range of medications, including statins, immunosuppressants, benzodiazepines, and certain chemotherapy drugs. Genetic variations in CYP3A4 can influence drug clearance, affecting both efficacy and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP3A4 can help guide medication dosing for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP2B6 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily B Member 6): CYP2B6 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of various medicines, including bupropion, efavirenz, methadone, and certain anaesthetics. Genetic variations in CYP2B6 affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown, effectiveness, and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP2B6 can help optimise medication dosing and reduce the likelihood of adverse reactions.

The potassium/sodium (K/Na) ratio is a measure that indicates the balance between two essential electrolytes in the body — potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Both are crucial for maintaining nerve function, muscle contraction, hydration, and fluid balance.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that indicates the balance between two vital minerals in the body — magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are essential for bone strength, muscle function, nerve conduction, and heart health. An imbalance in this ratio can affect bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

The copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential trace minerals in the body — copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Both support critical physiological processes, including immune function, antioxidant defence, and enzyme activity. An imbalance in this ratio may signal underlying health concerns, with symptoms depending on whether there is an excess or deficiency of either mineral.

Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is a chemical that acts both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body. It plays a vital role in the fight-or-flight response, increasing alertness, arousal, and reaction time. Noradrenaline also aids in mood regulation and helps sustain blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels.

The noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) ratio is a metric that indicates the balance between two primary stress hormones — noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Both are essential in the body’s fight-or-flight mechanism, affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and energy release. This ratio can vary in response to factors such as stress, physical exertion, and overall health condition.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone and neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal glands. It plays a vital role in the body’s fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for immediate action in stressful situations. Adrenaline increases heart rate, dilates airways, and boosts energy availability, enabling quick and effective survival reactions.

Influenza B is a strain of the influenza virus that contributes to seasonal flu outbreaks, mainly impacting humans. Although it is generally less prevalent than Influenza A, it can still lead to serious illness, particularly in children and young adults. Testing for Influenza B is crucial for accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and effective prevention during the flu season.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that plays an important role in supporting health, though it is less well-known than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Found mainly in fish and seafood, DPA supports cardiovascular function, brain health, and overall well-being.

Emmentaler cheese intolerance is a condition where an individual has difficulty digesting Emmentaler cheese — a traditional Swiss cheese recognized for its distinctive holes and mild, nutty taste. Unlike an allergy, which causes an immune reaction, intolerance usually results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after eating.

Horse meat intolerance is a condition marked by difficulty in digesting horse meat, which is eaten in certain regions. It usually results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, or discomfort. Unlike a horse meat allergy that causes an immune response, intolerance generally involves non-immune digestive reactions after consuming horse meat or dishes containing it.

FAM171A1 (Family With Sequence Similarity 171 Member A1) is a protein-coding gene with limited current characterization. It is believed to be involved in cellular processes such as protein interactions and signal transduction, although its precise functions in human health and disease are still being studied.

WSCD1 (WSC Domain Containing 1) is a gene with limited characterization in humans, but it is believed to play a role in cellular responses to environmental stress. Although its precise function is not completely understood, WSCD1 may be involved in mechanisms of cellular adaptation and survival under stress-related conditions.

ATF7 (Activating Transcription Factor 7) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor involved in regulating cellular responses to stress. As part of the ATF/CREB family, it helps control gene expression related to apoptosis, development, and neuronal survival. ATF7 activity is important for maintaining cellular balance, and its dysregulation has been linked to stress-related conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

Boron is a trace mineral that supports bone strength, cognitive function, and hormonal balance. It aids the body’s absorption of magnesium and calcium, helping protect against osteoporosis. Boron also contributes to mental clarity and overall brain performance. Naturally found in foods like apples, oranges, nuts, beans, and leafy vegetables, it is easily incorporated into a healthy diet.

Sorbitol intolerance is a condition where the body’s ability to digest sorbitol — a sugar alcohol commonly used as a sweetener in diet and sugar-free products — is reduced. This can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhoea, similar to those experienced in other food intolerances.

WNT7B (Wnt Family Member 7B) is a gene involved in the Wnt signalling pathway, which plays a key role in embryonic development, cell growth, and tissue regeneration. WNT7B helps regulate gene expression and cell behaviour. Dysregulation of WNT7B signalling has been linked to developmental disorders, fibrosis, and cancer, highlighting its importance in cell proliferation and disease progression.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that indicates the body’s transition to using fat as its main energy source. Produced by the liver from fatty acids during fasting, carbohydrate restriction, or intense physical activity, BHB serves as an alternative energy source—especially for the brain—when glucose availability is low. It is a crucial marker of ketosis, a metabolic condition linked to fat metabolism.

FAM160A2 (Family with Sequence Similarity 160 Member A2) is a gene about which limited information has been characterized so far. Although its exact biological role remains unknown, ongoing research seeks to determine its function and potential importance in human health and disease.

BAIAP2L1 (Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like 1) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular structure and signalling. As a member of the I-BAR domain-containing protein family, BAIAP2L1 plays a key role in actin cytoskeleton remodelling, membrane shaping, and cell movement. Its I-BAR domain enables interaction with actin filaments and membrane phospholipids, contributing to the formation of dynamic structures like filopodia and lamellipodia.

Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in certain products such as thermometers and dental fillings. While low exposure is generally harmless, excessive levels can be toxic, affecting the nervous, digestive, and immune systems. High mercury exposure may cause symptoms like tremors, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairment, and it poses significant environmental risks, particularly through water contamination.

Goose meat intolerance is a condition that happens when the body struggles to digest goose meat, causing stomach discomfort. Unlike a goose meat allergy, which triggers an immune reaction and can lead to serious symptoms, intolerance mainly causes digestive issues after eating goose meat or dishes that contain it.

Coriander seed intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system’s ability to process coriander seeds — the dried seeds of the coriander plant commonly used as a spice. It can lead to symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after consumption. Unlike a coriander seed allergy, which involves an immune response, this intolerance typically causes non-immune, digestive-related reactions.

Influenza A is a major type of virus responsible for seasonal flu, a contagious respiratory illness. Testing for Influenza A is important for accurate diagnosis, helping distinguish it from other respiratory infections with similar symptoms. This distinction supports timely treatment decisions and guides preventive measures to reduce transmission.

ATP1B2 (Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2) is a protein that functions as part of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump — a crucial enzyme complex responsible for maintaining the balance of sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. This balance is vital for key physiological functions such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and regulation of cell volume. As a beta subunit, ATP1B2 aids in the assembly, stability, and positioning of the pump in the membrane by interacting with its catalytic alpha subunit.

VIPR2 (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2) is a gene that encodes a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide involved in regulating smooth muscle relaxation, immune responses, and neurotransmission. This receptor is present on the surface of cells in various tissues and plays a key role in mediating VIP signalling pathways.

Free chlorine is a measure of the chlorine available in water for disinfection. It is a strong oxidising agent that exists primarily as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite ion (OCl⁻), depending on the water’s pH. Free chlorine plays a key role in killing harmful bacteria and viruses, helping to ensure water safety, but must be carefully controlled due to its high reactivity.

FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad Diadenosine Triphosphatase) is a tumor suppressor gene involved in purine metabolism. It plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability, and its loss or alteration has been linked to various cancers, underscoring its significance in preventing tumor development.

Estrogen is a primary sex hormone found in both women and men, though at varying levels. In women, it supports the development and regulation of the reproductive system, menstrual cycle, and secondary sexual characteristics, and also affects bone health, skin, and mood. In men, it contributes to libido, erectile function, and sperm production. It is mainly produced in the ovaries in women and the testes in men, with levels naturally fluctuating during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause. Imbalances can lead to menstrual irregularities, mood changes, and other health issues.

Saturated fatty acids are a type of dietary fat commonly found in animal products and certain plant oils. They contain no double bonds in their structure, which makes them solid at room temperature. Their impact on health is multifaceted, with effects that can be beneficial or harmful depending on overall intake and dietary context.

Chanterelle intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting chanterelle mushrooms, a type of edible fungi known for their rich flavour and unique shape. Unlike a true allergy, which involves an immune response, chanterelle intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after consumption.

The Omega-3 Index measures the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA found in the membranes of red blood cells. It is an important indicator of cardiovascular health and overall well-being, reflecting both the dietary consumption of omega-3s and their incorporation into cell structures.

Casein intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body finds it difficult to digest casein — a protein found in milk and dairy products. Unlike a casein allergy, which triggers an immune response, casein intolerance mainly impacts the digestive system, often leading to symptoms such as bloating, gas, or abdominal discomfort after consuming dairy.

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a type of Omega-6 fatty acid found in certain plant-based oils, such as evening primrose and borage oil. Unlike most Omega-6 fatty acids, GLA has anti-inflammatory properties and may support the management of conditions like eczema, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and arthritis.

Escherichia coli Biovare is a distinct subspecies of E. coli that is not commonly abundant in a healthy human gut. It encompasses various forms, including hemolytic, mucoid, and lactose-negative types. Elevated levels—particularly when accompanied by alkaline pH and low beneficial E. coli—may indicate weakened mucosal immunity, often associated with decreased secretory IgA production.

Nitrates (NO₃⁻) and nitrites (NO₂⁻) are nitrogen-oxygen compounds commonly found in water, either from natural sources or as a result of agricultural runoff and industrial activity. Both serve as indicators of water quality and, at elevated levels, can pose health risks, especially to vulnerable populations.

Common sole intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest common sole, a type of flatfish commonly consumed as seafood. It typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, discomfort, or nausea after eating. Unlike a common sole allergy, which involves an immune response, intolerance is related to digestion and usually results in milder, non-immune symptoms.

Green peas intolerance is a condition that indicates the body’s diminished ability to digest green peas effectively. Unlike a green peas allergy, which causes an immune system response and can result in severe reactions, intolerance mainly causes gastrointestinal discomfort. Common symptoms include bloating, gas, and abdominal pain after eating green peas.

Carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that plays a vital role in energy metabolism. It transports long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are broken down to generate energy, and aids in removing metabolic waste from cells. Although the body can synthesize carnitine in the liver and kidneys, it is also acquired from dietary sources, mainly animal-based foods.

WNT10A (Wnt Family Member 10A) is a gene that plays a crucial role in the Wnt signalling pathway, which is vital for regulating cell growth, development, and tissue formation. It is especially important in the development of skin, hair, teeth, and bones. Variations or mutations in WNT10A have been associated with several developmental disorders affecting these structures.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis, an infection that can range from mild or asymptomatic to severe forms, including dysentery and liver abscesses. It is a major public health concern in regions with poor sanitation, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that colonises the stomach lining and is known for its role in gastrointestinal disorders. It is commonly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Its ability to thrive in the stomach’s acidic environment makes it a key factor in long-term digestive health.

DOK5 (Docking Protein 5) is a member of the DOK family of adaptor proteins, which serve as substrates for receptor tyrosine kinases and help transmit signals within cells. It plays crucial roles in pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. DOK5 is especially involved in neuronal development and has been associated with insulin signaling, making it important for both nervous system formation and metabolic regulation.

Glutamine is an amino acid that supports gut health and strengthens the immune system. It plays an important role in maintaining intestinal function, aiding digestion, and supporting muscle recovery. Commonly found in meats, eggs, and dairy products, glutamine is also used in supplements to promote digestive health and immune function.

Lobster intolerance refers to a condition where some people have difficulty digesting lobster, a popular seafood known for its rich flavor and texture. This intolerance can cause digestive discomfort and impact the ability to enjoy this shellfish.

C16ORF82 (Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 82), also known as FAM173B, is a gene that is still under investigation to understand its function. Preliminary studies indicate it may be involved in mitochondrial processes, contributing to cellular energy metabolism. Due to this mitochondrial connection, it could have significance in conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, although further research is required to ascertain its precise role.

DGKB (Diacylglycerol Kinase Beta) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in lipid signaling by converting diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. It is involved in essential cellular processes such as insulin sensitivity and neurotransmitter signaling. Alterations in DGKB function have been associated with metabolic disorders and are researched in connection with conditions like diabetes and obesity.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolepis nana) are common parasites that infect humans, especially children. They are unique as they can complete their entire life cycle within a single host, enabling direct transmission without the need for an intermediate host. Although infections are often asymptomatic, they can cause abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and in severe cases, weight loss and malnutrition.

SLCO1B1 (Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1): SLCO1B1 is a transporter protein that facilitates the movement of drugs, including statins, into liver cells for metabolism. Genetic variations in SLCO1B1 can diminish transporter function, resulting in elevated drug levels in the bloodstream and a higher risk of statin-induced muscle side effects. Testing for SLCO1B1 can assist in guiding the selection and dosing of statins to reduce adverse effects.

Strawberry allergy is a sensitivity to certain proteins found in strawberries. Although less common than many other food allergies, it can cause symptoms ranging from mild oral irritation to more severe systemic reactions. These may include itching, swelling, hives, or, in rare cases, serious allergic responses.

WDR70 (WD Repeat Domain 70) is a gene that encodes a protein containing WD repeat domains, which assist in facilitating protein-protein interactions. This protein plays a role in important cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and may also be involved in RNA processing. Although its precise functions are still under investigation, WDR70 is believed to contribute to cellular organisation and overall cell function.

SPPL3 (Signal Peptide Peptidase-Like 3) is an enzyme belonging to the intramembrane-cleaving protease family that processes specific transmembrane proteins. By releasing intracellular domains from its substrates, SPPL3 affects cellular signalling and regulation. It plays a crucial role in immune system function, including B cell maturation, and has been associated with certain autoimmune disorders. Researching SPPL3 helps to understand how intramembrane proteolysis influences human health and disease.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a long-chain Omega-6 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in inflammation and cell signalling. Found in foods such as meat, eggs, and dairy, AA is vital for brain function, muscle development, and overall health, with a complex impact on both normal physiology and disease processes.

Garlic intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body has difficulty digesting garlic. It is different from a garlic allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions. Garlic intolerance mainly leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after consuming garlic.

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated Omega-6 fatty acid that plays a vital role in the body’s functions. Found in various vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, LA is crucial for maintaining healthy cell membranes and helps regulate inflammatory processes.

SIPA1L3 (Signal-Induced Proliferation-Associated 1 Like 3) is a gene involved in signal transduction and cell growth. It plays a key role in the nervous system by supporting synaptic function and neuronal communication. Variations in SIPA1L3 may impact brain development and cognitive function, potentially contributing to neurological disorders.

FN3KRP (Fructosamine 3 Kinase-Related Protein) is a protein involved in fructosamine metabolism and may help regulate glucose levels in the body. It is related to the enzyme fructosamine 3 kinase and may influence glycation processes, which are linked to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that affect diabetes and ageing-related conditions.

ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) is a protein that functions as a transmembrane protease, involved in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and signalling. It works by cleaving the extracellular parts of various cell surface proteins, such as growth factors and receptors, impacting important pathways like Notch and cadherin signalling. ADAM10 plays crucial roles in tissue development, cell communication, and nervous system function.

XKR6 (XK Related 6) is a gene that encodes a protein from the XK family, potentially involved in transmembrane transport. While its precise function is not completely understood, XKR6 may play a role in cellular processes that are important for human health.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in reproductive health for both men and women. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports the menstrual cycle by stimulating progesterone production. In men, it promotes testosterone production in the testes. Maintaining balanced LH levels is important for proper hormonal regulation and reproductive function.

Pseudomonas in stool refers to the presence of bacteria from the Pseudomonas genus, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the gastrointestinal tract. While it is not usually a common gut resident, it can cause infection or overgrowth, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. Its detection may indicate an imbalance in gut microbiota or an underlying condition, particularly if gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

ADAMTSL3 (ADAMTS-Like 3) is a gene that encodes a protein from the ADAMTS family, which is involved in organising the extracellular matrix and regulating cell-matrix interactions. This protein contributes to maintaining the structure of connective tissue and has been associated with lung and eye development, as well as certain connective tissue disorders.

SPATA32 (Spermatogenesis Associated 32) is a gene primarily expressed in the testis and is believed to play a role in the process of spermatogenesis. Although its exact function in male reproductive health and fertility is not completely understood, SPATA32 is regarded as significant for research in reproductive biology and fertility.

Cow’s milk reactions refer to various conditions that arise from consuming cow’s milk, including cow’s milk intolerance, cow’s milk allergy, and lactose intolerance. Cow’s milk intolerance involves difficulty in digesting milk proteins, often causing digestive discomfort. Cow’s milk allergy is an immune response that can result in more severe symptoms. Lactose intolerance occurs due to the inability to digest lactose, the natural sugar found in milk. Each condition differs in its cause, symptoms, and management.

Nicotinic acid (niacin or vitamin B3) is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerve function, and digestion. It is naturally found in foods such as meat, fish, and grains, and can also be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. A deficiency in nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra, a condition characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.

SLC16A9 (Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 9) is a gene that encodes a protein from the solute carrier family, which facilitates the transport of small molecules across cell membranes. Although its exact substrates and functions are still under investigation, SLC16A9 is involved in cellular transport processes.

Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) is an invasive climber that flowers in late summer, releasing pollen that can cause allergic reactions. This pollen significantly contributes to seasonal allergies, particularly affecting those who are sensitive, with symptoms often intensifying in urban areas where the plant is more abundant.

Corn intolerance is a digestive condition where the body struggles to process corn. Unlike a corn allergy, which is an immune system reaction causing more immediate and severe symptoms, corn intolerance mainly causes gastrointestinal discomfort and related symptoms.

Thallium (Tl) is a heavy metal that poses significant health risks if exposed. It can cause symptoms like hair fall, nerve damage, and digestive problems. Common sources of thallium exposure include contaminated water, certain industrial activities, and its earlier use in rat poison. Although its use in consumer products has decreased, thallium continues to be a hazard in industrial environments. Exposure to thallium, though rare, demands immediate medical attention to prevent health complications.

DEF8 (Differentially Expressed in FDCP 8 Homolog) is a gene involved in endocytic trafficking and cellular signalling. It functions as a scaffold protein, helping coordinate interactions between signalling molecules and endosomes—key for proper receptor function and cell communication. Disruptions in DEF8 activity have been linked to cancer and immune-related conditions.

ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a protein that plays a key role in cell-to-cell adhesion, enabling cells to interact, migrate, and target specific locations in the body. It is involved in critical processes such as nerve development, immune regulation, and tissue repair. Dysregulation of ALCAM has been linked to cancer metastasis, autoimmune disorders, and other pathological conditions.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animal and plant sources. As the most abundant saturated fat in the human body and diet, it plays important roles in energy storage and cellular function. However, excessive intake of palmitic acid has been associated with potential risks to heart health.

Wasp venom allergy is a condition that occurs when the body has an allergic reaction to the sting of a wasp. This allergy can trigger symptoms ranging from localized pain and swelling to severe anaphylaxis. Unlike bee stings, wasp stings can be more dangerous because wasps can sting multiple times, increasing the risk of a serious allergic response.

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is significantly more potent than morphine. It is predominantly used for managing severe or chronic pain and is available in various forms such as patches, lozenges, and injections. Due to its high potency, fentanyl poses a significant risk of addiction and overdose, even at low doses. It is also manufactured illegally and sometimes mixed with other drugs, increasing the risk of accidental overdoses.

Haddock intolerance is a condition where individuals have difficulty digesting haddock, a fish commonly enjoyed as a seafood delicacy. Unlike a haddock allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, haddock intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort after consuming haddock or dishes containing it.

ZMYM6 (Zinc Finger MYM-Type Containing 6) is a gene that encodes a zinc finger protein potentially involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. It may contribute to controlling gene expression and has been explored in relation to blood-related cancers. While its exact role in normal and disease states is still being investigated, ZMYM6 is considered relevant to genomic regulation processes.

DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase): DPYD is an enzyme that breaks down fluoropyrimidine drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine, widely used in cancer treatment. Genetic variations in DPYD can reduce enzyme activity, increasing the risk of severe toxicity, including bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal side effects. Testing for DPYD helps identify patients who need dose adjustments or alternative therapies to enhance safety and efficacy.

Green tea intolerance is a condition where an individual finds it difficult to digest green tea, a commonly consumed beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant properties. Unlike a green tea allergy, which causes an immune reaction and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance primarily leads to digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal issues after drinking it.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several critical functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defenses. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although uncommon, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signalling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are associated with Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder characterised by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

FRMD4B (FERM Domain Containing 4B) is a protein that connects the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton, supporting essential cellular functions such as signal transduction, cell shape, and migration. It plays a role in regulating cell polarity, membrane organization, and the development of neuronal networks. Dysregulation of FRMD4B may be linked to neurological disorders.

Green olives intolerance is a condition that makes it difficult to digest green olives. Unlike a green olives allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause severe symptoms, intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort. People with green olives intolerance often experience stomach problems after consuming green olives or products containing them.

Hematuria, or blood in the urine, refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It may be visible, causing the urine to appear pink, red, or cola-colored, or microscopic, detectable only through laboratory analysis. This condition can result from a variety of causes, ranging from minor issues to serious underlying health problems.

Geotrichum candidum is a fungus commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, air, and certain foods. It is also a natural part of the human microbiota, typically residing in the gut and on the skin. While usually harmless, it can become opportunistic and cause infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

ADGRL2 (Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor L2) is a protein that belongs to the adhesion-GPCR family, combining cell adhesion with G protein-coupled receptor signalling. It supports nervous system development, facilitates cell-to-cell communication, and has been linked to certain neurological conditions. Its dual function makes it an important focus in neurobiological research.

Transferrin saturation is a measure that reflects the percentage of transferrin — a blood protein that transports iron — that is actually bound to iron. It helps assess how effectively iron is being carried and utilized in the body. This marker is useful for identifying iron deficiency or iron overload, and is typically calculated using serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Low levels may suggest iron deficiency, while high levels can indicate conditions such as hemochromatosis.

Wheat allergy is a condition that causes an allergic reaction to proteins found in wheat. It is one of the most common food allergies, especially among children. Wheat allergy is different from celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, which are distinct conditions. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe, including the risk of life-threatening anaphylaxis.

Glycine is an amino acid that supports sleep quality, skin health, and overall recovery. As a building block of proteins, it plays a vital role in collagen production, wound healing, and maintaining healthy skin. Glycine is found in protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and dairy, and is commonly used in supplements to promote restful sleep and tissue repair.